Individual Report on Econometric Models

ContextThis report pertains to the selection of an academic radical (Caporale et al., 2009) which is examined ground on its depends and results, citing virgin insights offered by its analysis. It in addition involves another piece (Oshio et al., 2011) that cited that of Caporale et al. (2009), explaining the kind of selective information being utilise for the analysis. The report alike includes a description of the economic beat adopted by the authors to analyse the issues, as soundly as a critical reflection of the issues that are li up to(p)(predicate) to arise with the use up of these specific econometric moldings.a.Summary of the selected paperThe selected paper in this report is that of Caporale et al. (2009), which was centred on income and rapture across Western and eastern Europe. The authors utilise data from the European accessible Survey (ESS) for 19 European countries, whereby they examined the tie betwixt income and subjective well-being. The aim of t heir count was to find out whether income gage buy happiness. Happiness and vivification comfort served as the dependent variables in the theatre, which were likewise contained in the ESS data. These variables were tested for whether social likenesss and honorable mention crowds wielded a relevant specify on the subjective well-being of respective(prenominal)s in the countries touch, which likewise served as the consume.The findings revealed that for all these countries despite the positive correlation between income on unmatched hand and happiness and life cheer on the other a negative effect was being exerted by credit rating income on individual well-being, a result that harmonised with the relative utility hypothesis. A differentiate analysis was conducted by the authors for some countries in Eastern Europe in which they were able to discover some evidence that supported a questionable tunnel effect, which was suggestive of a positive impact cause by referenc e income on subjective well-being. The findings maintained that short letters characterising stable income and employment grow income serving as the basis for social comparisons. In social comparisons, the authors posited that reference income served as the informant for future status expectations.Further, empirical findings revealed a magnetic inclination for males to report lower satisfaction than their female counterparts. The authors also cited that the literature holds buirdly pattern that mirrors the life-cycle areas of peoples social, economic, and family situations. The findings also suggested that happiness perception was positively related to being married, whilst a negative relationship was suggested for divorce. Moreover, the presence of children had a negative effect on happiness perception whilst good wellness fostered a meaningful positive association. There was shaky evidence on the likelihood of university qualifications to cause a negative impact on happines s. In addition, a positive effect was indicated by precedent employment fact on the perception of happiness, which was more deep-seated for more recent unemployment occurrence. The discommode accompanying a recent unemployment occurrence may diminish the stirring value of the presently employed individual. As the studys sample was dominated by countries with liberal social welfarism, the influence of the welfare systems on individuals happiness may also be indicated by the positive impact of unemployment on life satisfaction during the time of joblessness. The new insights offered by the analysis include an apparent wedge between countries in Western Europe and Eastern Europe, which clearly showed that the pursuit of life satisfaction has become embodied in countries political framework, serving as a source of valuable insights in policy development concerning welfare reforms.b. A paper citing the selected paperA paper that cites the selected paper here is that of Oshio et al . (2011) whose aim was to examine the effects of relative income on well-being in China, Japan, and Korea based on nationwide surveys in these countries and comparing them with that of the United States. The various factors for which sway was undertaken at the individual level were age, gender, and marital status, to name a few. The results were latitude to past searches the same topic involving Western countries. The study exhibited a significant relationship between a persons income and that of the reference group on one hand, and perceive life satisfaction on the other. In China, individual income showed stronger relationships between relative income and life satisfaction compared to family income, whilst the opposite was demo for Japan and Korea. The comparisons of income within the reference group were necessary for evaluating life satisfaction, oddly when family income was use. Additionally, Yitzhaki index was used to determine the relative deficiency within the referenc e group, which was found to have a negative relationship with life satisfaction.Oshio et al. (2011) used Caporale et al. (2009) as a cited paper in their study in that the source utilised it in its claim that apart from the absolute income levels, the happiness of a person is reliant to comparisons with those of others, particularly those with similar socio-economic distinctiveness. Oshio and colleagues also used Caporale and colleagues findings on relative income proposition, whereby both found a positive effect fostered by absolute income on both happiness and life satisfaction. Further, both Caporale et al. (2009) and Oshio et al. (2011) used regression analysis to analyse the findings on income and perceived happiness. The apparent diversion that could be cited in their studies was the nature of the countries on which their studies were exclamatory Western and Eastern European countries for Caporale et al. (2009), and Asian countries and the United States for Oshio et al. (2011). The former was also more lengthy as it used 19 countries for a installation of income-happiness hypothesis, whilst the latter involved only four. The comparison in Caporale and colleagues study was between Western European and Eastern European countries, whilst that of Oshio and colleagues was between three Asian countries and the United States. If the cross country findings in Caporale and colleagues demonstrated a political agenda (i.e. social welfarism), those of Oshio and colleagues were focus on the level of the individual, such as peoples precautious picket on individual income than family income in China and the United States, leading to the influence of culture for income perception (e.g. individual-orientedness vs. family-orientedness).Whilst Caporale et al. (2009) asserted a positive relationship between income and happiness, Oshio et al. (2011) declared stronger correlations between individual income (rather than family income) and life satisfaction in China, which was not true in Japan and Korea.c.Data used, structure of the data embed, and manner of data collectionThe ESS data in Caporale and colleagues (2009) study contained information about a sink of demographic and employment symptomatics, which the authors utilised as controls in their regressions. some(prenominal) of these controls were education, income, and position in the labour force, to name a few. The data set also involved information on previous unemployment encounter, which was used in assessing whether a persons perception of present economic situation was influenced by previous income shocks, commonly due to unemployment. The structure of the data set included all individuals possessing similar levels of education, age brackets, and current countries of residence. The sample was also limited to employees earning full-time salaries.Alternatively, in Oshio and colleagues (2011) study, the data were collected from the countries (Japan, China, Korea) General accessibl e Survey (GSS), from which data were downloaded. The GSS of these countries were originally gathered by a research office at the University of Chicago. The basis of their empirical analysis was the GSS of these countries which were recorded in 2006, with widely similar survey questionnaires. The results were compared with those of the United States. All income data were reborn into logarithms to enable comparing the results across models and countries. In addition, the authors used sampling weights from GSS and make a computation of standard errors to provide correction for any incident of heteroscedasticity. It may be inferred that even though both studies aimed at determine happiness and life satisfaction vis-a-vis income, their methodologies and approaches were however different exactly were appropriate to the nature of their hypotheses.d. Econometric models used by the authors In this section, the econometric models used by the authors are described to analyse the issue. Capo rale et al. (2009) used enjoin probit model, which they deemed appropriate for their study, given the ordinal nature of the happiness variables. This model enabled a close correlation between happiness and life satisfaction, in which the authors were able to indicate a high level of happiness or satisfaction amongst the research participants. A clear skewness towards the high end was exhibited by the distribution on happiness. Some variations began emerging with the investigation of the level of happiness across the countries involved, with Denmark achieving the highest score, and Portugal, amongst others, recording the lowest scores. Reference income was used as an informative variable in the regressions. The estimated coefficients also showed a general consistency with those of previous studies.On the other hand, Oshio et al. (2011) used the fix uped logit model to explain perceived happiness across the three countries involved in their study. The model contained an confidence of care amongst individuals in relation to their individual (or family) income when making a comparison of their income with those of others. Family income was included in both specifications, with an assumption that it represents material living standards. It was pass judgment that the coefficient ? was significantly positive in each specification, given the relative income hypothesis.e. diminutive reflection of the issues relating to the econometric modelsThe econometric models used in each of the study of Caporale et al. (2009) and Oshio et al. (2011) were appropriately justified and carried out to suit the aim and expected results of each. The use of the ordered probit model in Caporale and colleagues study was suitable as this model was able to deal with the variables in ordered categories, which were present in the dataset. tally to Jones (2007) and Gailmard (2014), ordered probit model is utilised in the modelling of a clear-cut dependent variable with ordered multinomia l results. Similarly, Caporale and colleagues also noted doctor some of the threshold values, which Jones also pointed out as a characteristic of the model. The study was able to generate the specific results with the utilisation of this model, which is likewise used in a range of the social and behavioural sciences, as emphasised by Aldrich et al. (2007) and Gill (2008). Using other econometric model for the study of Caporale et al. (2009) might not generate similar results, since the study involved an analysis of more than devil outcomes of an ordinal dependent variable (i.e. happiness and life satisfaction).In the same manner, Oshio and colleagues (2011) use of the ordered logit model was suitable as the study involved a survey that aimed to find out how well responses to questions can predict a response to one question, to which the model was appropriate. In the study, the model was used for dichotomous dependent variables (happiness and life satisfaction), in which more than two response categories were enabled.Apparently, the study adopted proportional odds assumption, to which the model was applicable, as Sadler (2008) and Allegrezza and Dubrocard (2012) also pointed out. Moreover, the model clearly pursued an estimate for doubled equations in the study, whereby the number of these equations were tantamount to the number of categories minus 1. The study also showed that each equation modelled the odds of being in a category, which is accordant with the ordered logit model (Sadler, 2008 Allegrezza and Dubrocard, 2012).It is important to note that the use of the aforementioned models for the two studies was consistent with their intention to quantify or measure variables in order to come up with objective and systematic results for the relationship between income and happiness. twain studies opted to use data from established data sets (ESS and GSS) to apparently facilitate generalisation of findings, with which they were successful. It may be pointe d out that Oshio and colleagues (2011) results were congruent with Caporale and colleagues (2009), reflecting the validity of the latters findings. ReferencesAldrich, J. H.m Alt, J. E., and Lupia, A. (2007) Positive Changes in Political Science The Legacy of Richard D. McKelveys most Influential Writings. Michigan University of Michigan.Allegrezza and Dubrocard (2012) Internet Econometrics. Hampshire Palgrave MacMillan.Caporale, G. M., Georgellis, Y., Tsitsianis, N., & Yin, Y. P. (2009) Income and happiness across Europe Do reference values matterJournal of Economic Psychology, 30(1), 42-51.Gailmard, S. (2014) Statistical Modeling and Inference for complaisant Science. NY Cambridge University Press.Gill (2008) Bayesian Methods A Social and Behavioral Sciences Approach, Second Edition. NW Chapman & Hall/CRC. Jones, A. (2007) Applied Econometrics for Health Economists A Practical Guide. Second Edition. Oxon Radcliffe print Ltd. Oshio, T., Nozak, K., and Kobayashi, M. (2011) Relativ e income and happiness in Asia Evidence from nationwide surveys in China, Japan, and Korea. Social Indicators Research, 104 (3), 351-367. Sadler, A. M. 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