Harm the Environment of Air Pollution

HARM THE ENVIRONMENT OF AIR POLLUTION 1. Harm to human health and animal life on earth:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air pollution on the human body and animals primarily via the respiratory tract as well as direct effects on the eyes and skin of the body. They cause diseases such as suffocation, acute pulmonary edema, a number of irritating contaminants for coughs, asthma, tuberculosis, lung cancer, causing bitter tears, cause allergies, itching on  skin, urticaria, stone dust and asbestos dust causes lung †¦ Are some of the most dangerous air pollutants cause cancer. The impact of pollutants on respiratory strong or weak, in part dependent on their solubility in water. If contaminants are soluble in water when the air we breathe, we will dissolve the liquid in the airways and impact on the agency. Nature into the lungs of a variety of pollutants has been linked to the presence of the aerosol in the air. Normally these contaminants do not penetrate deep into the trachea and bronchi, but thanks to the aerosol absorption which can penetrate deeper in the lungs and until the alveoli. Environmental pollution of air increased the proportion of people suffering from respiratory disease (pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis), lower respiratory disease (pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis), neurodegenerative diseases, diseasesheadaches, heart disease, skin diseases, eye diseases and allergies. In environments where the air is more polluted as the proportion of infected adults. In general, animal husbandry and wildlife are sensitive to air pollution is greater than man. In some major industrial countries, some animals have perished because of environmental pollution. . Harm to the plant: Most of these pollutants in ambient air have adverse effects to plants, causing adverse effects for agriculture and horticulture. Expression is making slow crop development, especially photochemical smog has caused great harm to the vegetables: lettuce, peas, rice, corn, fruit trees and other rooms  lan. The components of environmental pollution in the air as sulfuro SO2, HF hydrogen fluorid e, sodium chloride, NaCl, the vapor or dust from the manufacture of copper, lead, zinc, dying †¦ Especially the gas coming from the lime kiln  , hand-baked bricks, even if their concentration is low also slows the growth of plants, high concentrations of gold leaf work, as fruits are flat, cracked, was punched and higher level  the fruit and leaves were falling, necrotic. The type of rock dust clinging to tree leaves many also affect plant growth because of reduced chlorophyll contents of the process of plant photosynthesis. These plants have flower buds turned down on the ground are less affected by dust pollution than plants with flower buds to the sky. However, there are pollutants is good for plants, is to enhance plant growth, especially for algae such as phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon. 3. Damage to the material: In general, air pollution has negative effects, materials, textures and furniture and damaged equipment immediately. The air pollutants such as SO2, H2SO4, chloride, the sol air †¦ make steel rust and damage the weld metal and construction materials quickly. Therefore, reducing the life and works to speed up repairs. The stones used in construction will be damaged if the air contains more CO2 because the CO2 is high humidity will combine with moisture to form carbonic acid H2CO3, we causticity,  forming long slit trench on the rocks. The copper oxide pollutants, sulfur oxides have negative effects for textiles, paper and leather. With the advent of supersonic aircraft noise pollution has caused a very dangerous aircraft. The supersonic blast emits the sound (sound bombs) with high pressure in excess of 100 N/m2. The explosion sound is capable of building structural damage such as broken windows. 4. The effects of pollution on climate: Environmental pollution of air without adversely affecting the climate of the region but also affect global climate. Affect the global climate is reflected in the formation of the greenhouse effect of CO2 levels, global temperatures increase, raising sea levels or the ozone hole phenomenon, umbrella protects life on  Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun destroy †¦ Here are some of the effects of pollution on local climate. a. High temperatures: Daily minimum temperature in urban areas than rural high around 2 – 5oC and mean annual temperature is generally higher than 0. 5 to 1. 3 oC. It is caused by fuel combustion and the production process by the method of processing large amounts of heat radiating heat already in the atmosphere, and surface area of uildings, roads, yards occupy much, they draw picturessolar surface has more trees in the countryside. On the other hand, vacuum thermal evaporation in the city less than in rural areas. In contrast, the relative humidity of the air in cities than in rural low 2-8%. b. Reduced solar radiation and increase the cloud:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The smoke dust, smog pollution of urban air absorption effect from 10 to 20% of solar radiation and reducing visibility, ie reducing the transparency of the atmosphere. The dust, the aerosol produced by the operation, traffic and human activity released into the air can create condensation nuclei of water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor deposition in urban areas is often greater in rural areas from 50 to 10%. Based on the scientific and technical achievements today humans can actively control a variation in climate as methods of reducing artificial fog at the airport, making artificial rain, meltHurricane †¦

Earthquake Shaker

Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different populated regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage? In your discussions, consider both geologic and human-induced factors. The amount of damage caused by an Earthquake does not solely depend on the magnitude of the Earthquake. Factors such as population, geographic location, soil type, and the type of building material commonly used for construction in a region determine the extent of damage caused. If an Earthquake strikes a densely populated region, then life loss and property damage will be high.If an Earthquake of a similar or even higher magnitude strikes a region with a relatively low population, then life loss and property damage will be lower. The 6. 4 Richter scale Earthquake (1993) in the State of Maharashtra, India and the 8. 3 Richter scale Earthquake (2006) in Kuril Islands, Japan are examples that come to mind. With stone houses and a population of over 2 million, the Earthquake in Latur left nearly 8,000 people dead and brought as many as 30,000 houses to the ground.In contrast, Kuril Islands, with a population of just 17,000 and better disaster preparedness mechanisms, was able to get away with no loss of human life ,despite the fact that the Earthquake was much higher in magnitude when compared to that of Latur. References: http://latur. nic. in/html/earthquake. htm http://www. drgeorgepc. com/Tsunami2006Kurils. html 2) How are faults, foci (plural of focus), and epicenters related? Faults that are experiencing no active creep (relatively consistent yet minor movements) may be considered â€Å"safe. Rebut or defend this statement with what you have learned so far about faults. The points in the lithosphere of Earth where fracturing originates are called foci. In other words, foci are the points at which energy-release takes place. Foci are also termed as hypocenters. Large fractures inside the Earth’s crust are called faults. Typically, news reports talk abou t epicenters when they are reporting an Earthquake. As large fractures inside Earth’s crust begin to shift, there is a release of energy inside Earth, right at the displacement (focus) point.An epicenter is nothing but the point on the surface of Earth that lies directly over the focus. It is not true that faults experiencing no active creep are safe. Fault creep refers to slow rock movement arising out of the application of constant stress over a prolonged period of time. A fault creep is a slippage that occurs alongside a fault. A fault creep may produce a small earthquake that can be detected through a seismometer. An active creep zone is one in which the most significant of displacements are likely to take place.Current absence of active creeps neither means that there is no fault creep at all, nor that there will not be any movement in future. A currently inactive fault could become active in future and cause an earthquake, so safe is not a term that one can always assoc iate with the absence of an active creep. 3) At one time it was thought that the deep-ocean trenches at subduction zones would be a good place for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Why is this not a good idea?Explain what can happen at a subduction zone and what might occur if the waste were buried there. (Hint: see oceanic-continental convergence. ) Over the years, different options have been considered as suitable permanent repositories for disposing high-level radioactive waste. The intent has been to find a way of permanently isolating high-level nuclear waste from the environment used by humans. It is true that at one point in time, subduction zone trenches in deep oceans were a good option for disposing high-level radioactive waste.It was thought that sticky mud and clay at trenches in deep-open subduction zones could be ideal places to bury high-level radioactive waste. It was assumed that radioactive waste canisters deposited in such places would slowly leak, only to be bound by sticky mud and clay for several millions of years. It was expected that burying high-level radioactive waste inside a subduction zone of a deep-ocean would gradually carry waste into the mantle of Earth.Today however, this approach is not a matter of serious consideration because of the technical considerations that are in play, legal restrictions associated with Law of the Sea, and the fect that leakages could lead to widespread contamination. The fact that oceanic-continental convergence helps create geologic formations and sustain many active volcanoes of Earth mean that contamination can be a serious threat when considering the burial of high-level radioactive waste in subduction zone trenches of deep oceans.

Historical Perspective Essay Essay

Historical Perspective Essay Nursing theories guide nursing research, they have been long used and intergraded as part as the nursing profession. The nursing profession, past, present, and future will incorporate research. The way nurses implement nursing care is guided by research. Hospitals implement policies incorporated by nursing theories and research. Many theorists contributed to the practice known as professional nursing. The first professional nurse or noted theorist was Florence Nightingale. She continues to guide research and inspire other theorists. Modern nursing remains to be on the top 10 trusted profession, when it used to be regarded as ignorant and uneducated. Florence Nightingale opened the doors for future researchers and theorists to shape professional nursing. Florence Nightingale, â€Å"the mother of modern nursing† after returning from the frontlines of the Crimean war in 1856, improved the mortality rate by attending the environment (George, 2011, chap . 3). Coming from an influential family and highly educated background, Florence Nightingale used her educated knowledge and collected data from the Crimean War. In 1859, Notes on Nursing was published. It was intended to give hints on nursing, but it became a manual for professional nursing. It emphasized the organization of the environment and the patient (George, 2011). Notes on Nursing brought many concepts to nursing, which include ventilation, warming, hand washing, bed cleanliness, lighting, and noise. Her belief was, â€Å"It is the will of the nurse to alter the environment in such a way to obey natural laws, thereby providing the environment in which perfection may be achieved (Selanders, 2010, â€Å"p.†83). Nightingale did not specifically write in terms of the paradigm of nursing; however, she addressed many of its components (Selanders, 2010). Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that natural laws could allow healing. An environmental model was created to view the manipulations of physical environment as major components of care (George, 2011).Persons are perceived as the patients of nursing (Selanders, 2010). She perceived people as multidimensional, being compared of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components (Selanders, 2010).Health is viewed as the best ultimate health at any given point in time. One must maximize optimal potential to be in a healthy state (Selanders, 2010). Nursing is the place that the patient is in the best condition for nature to act (Selanders, 2010). Nightingale’s models continue to guide practice and give a pictorial view of how nursing care is planned and rendered (Selanders, 2011). Nurses continue to practice nursing without realizing that their action and goals are based on Nightingale’s principles (Selanders, 2010). The principle of environmental manipulation serves as a framework for many research studies. In 1985 Dennis and Prescott identified the continuing utility of the Nightingale Model as an example of a qualitative study (Selanders, 2010). Studies that have incorporated Nightingale’s environmental manipulation include practice settings in Labor and Delivery and in the treatment of insomnia (Selanders, 2010). Nursing theories like Nightingale’s Environmental Model and Notes on Nursing will continue to guide research and guide nursing to professional modern nursing. Human beings are living longer thanks to research and theorists. With an ever-changing environment, nurses will continue to conduct research and manipulate the environment to meet the needs of the patients. New theories and research will continue to use Nightingales Environmental Model to use as a framework in support of new interventions. References George, J. (2011). In Nursing Theory: the base for professional nursing Practice (6th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education. Selanders, L. (2010). The power of environmental adaptation. Florence nightingale’s original theory for nursing practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28, 81-87.

Property & Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Property & Law - Essay Example nstitutional arrangements by diminishing substantially the role played by the church (or religious institutions more broadly) in shaping human-to-human and human-to-nature interactions† (Norton & Bieri 4). As opposed to medieval scholars, the representatives of humanism studied not the God, but humans, their relations with other people, with the state and the society. Two main directions were developed in socio-political sciences. The first is theoretical justification of a necessity to replace feudal and class inequality with legal equality fixing the right for property ownership, personality protection from religious and feudal tyranny. The second was political ideology of the lower class, predecessor of working class, which was based on the ideas of Utopian socialism. The state submits to society, which in its turn submits to a personality. Only a part of the rights of a personality, which is defined by the attitude of a person to a property is transferred to e government: t he more property, the more political rights, but also the more obligations to the state, which is guarding this property. Failure to provide the abovementioned function makes the government illegal and provides the citizens with the right for opposition. The analysis of a problem of a personality, his/her valuable attitude towards the surrounding reality became the basic principle of scientific researches of this period. Renaissance was characterized by radical reorganization of socio-political and spiritual life. Political knowledge became an autonomous trend, political problems found comprehensive reflection in humanistic literature and caused shifts in the system of political and legal thinking. Integral rights of the personality, which can’t be transferred to the state, were also defined: the rights for life, freedom, equality, property ownership. By the right of property there are essential distinctions between the European and Anglo-American systems. The European system regulation

An Examination of the Varieties of Capitalism and its Application in Essay

An Examination of the Varieties of Capitalism and its Application in USA, Sweden and Germany - Essay Example â€Å"Where social democracy is strong, the public firm was unstable and weak, and unable to dominate without difficulty; where social democracy is weak, ownership diffusion of the large firms could reign if other economic and institutional conditions prevailed...† (Roe, [Political] 21) In this definition, Roe seem to identify that nations that have strong traditions of social democracy like Germany have inefficiencies in their public institutions and structures. This include bureaucracy and some elements of inefficiency which plagues nations with strong public sector issues. However, in traditional capitalist states, dominant economic institutions and powerful corporate entities emerge to fill the gap and determine the distribution of wealth in the economy. Roe goes on to illustrate this point by examining the American model of capitalism into detail (Capital para1). He begins by recognizing that America differs from all socialist states because there is less intervention by the government. This leaves a strong vacuum for some kind of a 'moderator' to determine the distribution of income in the economy. Roe (Capital para 3) identifies that the American economy is strongly influenced by corporate entities. He goes on to state that America's laws put more power in the hands of the managers and directors of these corporate entities. This means that shareholders do not have a strong reason to push for capital oriented decisions that will solely be in the interest of their stocks and investments. This means that the people charged with governance are the actual controllers of power in America. The state's intervention is weak whilst the shareholders, who have the true capitalist interest are also kept in check by corporate governance laws which favor the managers and directors. Employees do not have much rights because these managers can hire and fire. Elsewhere in Northern Europe and Central Europe, the strength of the state is boosted because many state in stitutions act as moderators in the corporate world (Soskice 51). This means that the state has some kind of power to intervene in the distribution of wealth. Secondly, the states in these European nations have established strong negotiation systems that ensure that stakeholders like workers and shareholders negotiate to come to a consensus. This is very pronounced in Sweden. It is also quite dominant in Germany. However, what is common to all these capitalist systems is that there is debate and consensus building in all these jurisdictions. The parties involved in these debates determine the differences. On a further analysis of the American system, Roe (Capital 75) states that â€Å"for capital markets to function, political institutions must support capitalism in general and capitalism of financial markets in particular†. This means that the state must moderate in the various debates and interests of the capital markets and some elements of the society. He states that poli tical economy shapes the capital markets by economic, political and legal institutions. This creates a mechanism where the corporate entities shape policy and policy shapes the corporate entities. In a practical analysis of what happens in America, Roe (Political 104) states that capitalism in America is made up of interest groups that converge in the form of corporate entities. Thus, the Republicans and Democrats make promises based on what

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International finance - Essay Example Key estimating is focused around a recorded relationship and different financial variables and later focused on swapping scale, utilising relapse dissection, a settled measurable technique. many course readings portray the utilisation of the business sector based estimates inside the connection of efficient markets approach in which either present spot or future rates are the best indicators of tomorrows conversion standard (for an incredible examination see Eun and Resnick, pp. 149-150). This paper proposes undertaking obliging understudies to gauge the future estimation of an outside coin utilizing a central forecasting model. By the by, a standout amongst the most-disputable issues in the global money making concerns writing concerns the part and helpfulness of conventional financial essentials in clarifying conversion scale conduct. Meese and Rogoff (1983) inferred that monetary models could not beat a proficient markets theory. Goodman (1979) addressed the estimation of financial turned outside swapping scale-determining administrations. Levich (1982) assessed the exhibitions of 13 gagging administrations utilising the forward swapping scale as a benchmark. In a later study, Eun and Safherwal (2002) assessed the estimating exhibitions of 10 real business banks utilizing the spot conversion standard as a benchmark. In both studies, anticipating administrations overall neglected to beat business sector based rates. Albeit some of these administrations might not ha ve been giving estimates built singularly with respect to financial basics, this is a striking conclusion. Business area based standards are adequately accessible and cost less while anticipating administrations charge an expense. Major models, on the other hand, do have their supporters particularly as the gauge skyline stretches. It is contended that these estimates may be valuable under specific conditions and for particular corporate purposes. Gordon

Final arch history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final arch history - Essay Example Some religions reflect on their attributed traditions in designing religious structures like those in the Middle Eastern countries, wherein less hierarchy is instituted in the overall architectural plan of the worship place; and this is particularly conceptualized owing to the notions of simplicity, unity and togetherness in worship. Architectural hierarchy, while sometimes disregarded in some religions, is highly represented in Roman Catholicism, and most commonly, in Chinese religious structures like pagodas, temples, and stupas. For example, in Chinese culture, traditional Buddhist architecture varies structure’s height, colour, roof, and shape depending on rank; â€Å"The greater the height and slope, the higher the rank†; moreover, courtyard plans and the symmetrical arrangement of religious structures, including statuaries, indicate status and hierarchical order (Nan Tien Temple, â€Å"Buddhism and Architecture†). Likewise, in the earliest times, hierarchy in the [Student’s Last Name] 2 Roman Catholic churches was employed in order to distinguish it from other large structures: â€Å"The church buildings must be distinct from parish hall, offices, or school† (Alderman, â€Å"Heaven Made Manifest†). Historical accounts will show how religious structures in Roman Catholicism and Chinese religions employ a sense of hierarchy in their architecture. One of the most interesting parts in the architectural design of Roman Catholic churches is the manner in which each partition of the church building is ordered according to its purpose and sacredness. Prior to entering the main interior of the church, one undergoes a juncture or a minute of preparation for the transition from the tedious and disturbing activities of the world to the domain of the holy liturgy (Schloeder 138); "This may take the form of a cloistered atrium or perhaps a parish plaza; in most cases, a simple narthex or a vestibule will do† (138). The si gnificance and relationship among the altar, the priest and the congregation are clearly manifested in the way church partitions are being ordered. The General Instruction of the New Roman Missal (GIRM 217) asserts that the altar should be placed the highest among everything that is on the pulpit, higher than that of the celebrant’s chair. This is being so in that the altar symbolizes not merely as a place of Sacrifice but it is a symbol of Jesus Christ (Sacred Congregation of Rites, â€Å"Eucharisticum Mysterium†). Moreover, while this arrangement is common in the Catholic Church, it was only ascribed from the early Jewish civilizations. Nevertheless, the practice is still carried on until the present time (Ratzinger 70-71). Going eastward, just like Roman Catholicism, Chinese temples are also influenced by some traditional and religious beliefs. The prevalent practice of Confucianism in China impacted the way religious structures are being designed. In Confucian phil osophy, every person must display [Student’s Last Name] 3 genuineness and conform to a demanded hierarchy. Furthermore, it stressed on the distinction between the influential and the ordinary, the high ranking and the minor, by the use of manifold aspects that include size, shape, color, and height. Traditional Chinese religious structures are characterized by magnificence in roofs manifested through its height, slope, shape, and color (Nan Tien Temple, â€Å"Buddhism and Architecture†). Since Chinese temples, pagodas, and stufas are used to

Enhanced whistle blower protections Research Paper

Enhanced whistle blower protections - Research Paper Example whistleblower is risky, the essay discusses various ways to protect them from elements that want to harm them to prevent them from sharing the information they possess. Whistleblowers fall into two categories. They include internal and external whistleblowers. Internal whistleblowers are the individuals who report discrepancies and misconducts of colleagues or their superiors to the management. Several reasons would motivate an employee to become a whistleblower. They include corruption, nepotism and sexual harassment. External whistleblowers are the individuals who disclose misconducts within the company to outside entities. They include lawyers, the media, police or watchdog agencies like anticorruption organizations. External whistleblowers are usually motivated by moral or selfish reasons. Opinions concerning whistleblowers differ from different people. To some, whistle blowing is as an act of selflessness while others accuse them of pursuing fame, fortune, greed and personal glory. This persecution of whistleblowers mostly comes from the affected or implicated individuals who want to discredit them to absolve themselves of the accusations. Individuals who want to prevent the disclosure of information often target whistleblowers. It becomes a dangerous situation with whistleblowers fearing for their lives as they get pursued. Countless whistleblowers have been killed while others have been forced into exile because they exposed the corruption in an organization. These actions led to the creation of witness protection agencies, which offer protection to whistleblowers when and until they finish presenting their proof of the misconducts to the relevant authorities. For example, the United States has several institutions that protect whistleblowers. They include the National Whistleblowers Center that protects whistleblowers from discrimination from the organization or their fellow employees. This act protects whistleblowers` identities from disclosure. It

Workplace drug testing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Workplace drug testing - Assignment Example According to the SAMSHA Office of Applied Studies, 8.4 % of the US workforce in 2007 were users of drugs and almost the same percent were reported heavy users of alcohol (cited in US DOL, 2010, p.2). The bottomline impact of such statistics is that the employee, his/ her co-workers and the business itself sustains losses as a result of a poor performance by a drug dependent. Therefore, there is a compelling reason to do drug testing like urinalysis or blood tests in order to deter and prevent substance abuse in workers, not just in public institutions but in all private and public businesses. Today, the law mandates that all companies dealing with the government should have a drug-free workplace (US DHHS, SAMSHA, 1994, p.1). Some states also have their own laws on drug testing, but the focus is on companies that deal with the State. I believe that a drug-free workplace program, i.e., urinalysis drug tests and blood tests, should be enforced on all workplaces regardless of public or private transactions with the government. Where substance abuse is deterred, employees who truly are under the influence will seek employment where such behaviour can be tolerated. Thus, the program will not be effective if there will be companies left that can tolerate substance abuse. According to Larson, et al. (2007), 90% of workers that are elicit drug users or alcohol abusers work for small and medium-sized businesses (cited in US DOL, 2010, p.2). Yet most of these businesses are not mandated, not organized and resourced enough to have a sustainable drug-free workplace programs. Since sm all businesses make up a significant part of the society, they should get all the help they can from the government, more so on the aspect of drug abuse enforcement. There is already an existing law on drug applicable to public institutions and to effectively combat drug abuse in society, this existing law on drug testing should just be expanded to

Gay Men Born Gay Essay Example for Free

Gay Men Born Gay Essay Gay men often claim that even as children they knew they were somehow different from other boys. Many say that sense even preceded puberty. And yet, though researchers have tried for decades to identify a biological basis for homosexuality which seems to be present in all human societies they have mostly come up dry. Tantalizing clues have surfaced: gays are more likely to be left-handed, for instance. But in the end, there has been little proof that biology is sexual destiny. Now new research offers evidence that there may indeed be a physiological basis for sexual orientation. In a study of 41 brains taken from people who died before age 60, Simon LeVay, a biologist at San Diegos Salk Institute for Biological Studies, found that one tiny region in the brain of homosexual men was more like that in women than that in heterosexual men. Sexuality is an important part of who we are, notes LeVay, who is gay. And now we have a specific part of the brain to look at and to study. That specific part is found at the front of the hypothalamus in an area of the brain that is known to help regulate male sexual behavior. Within this site, LeVay looked at four different groupings of cells, technically referred to as the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus, or INAH for short. Other researchers had already reported that INAH 2 and 3 were larger in men than in women. LeVay hypothesized that one or both of them might vary with sexual orientation as well. Routine autopsies provided the tissue LeVay needed. All 19 homosexual men had died of AIDS. So had six of the 16 presumed heterosexual men and one of the six women. Although LeVay hoped to include lesbians in his study, he was unable to obtain brains from women identified as such. After careful examination of the brain samples, he found that the INAH-3 areas of most of the women and homosexual men were about the same size. In straight men this region was on average twice as large or about the size of a grain of sand. In the past, much research on sexual orientation has focused on the role of interpersonal relationships in early childhood. Psychological literature is replete with material suggesting that male homosexuality is triggered by relationships with an overly protective mother or with a distant, even hostile father. Here is a whole other way of looking at the question, says LeVay. These children may already be determined to become homosexual or heterosexual. The development plan that is laid out for them may be what causes them to develop certain troubled relationships with their parents. LeVays findings are certain to trigger a good deal of controversy. Many technical aspects of the study are subject to question, as the author concedes. He cannot be certain, for instance, that all the heterosexual men in the control group were heterosexual. And since the AIDS virus attacks the brain, the size difference could be an artifact of the disease. It is also possible that the difference actually has nothing to do with sexual orientation or that it is the result rather than the cause of homosexuality. (2 of 3) My freshman biology students know enough to sink this study, declares Anne Fausto-Sterling, professor of medical science at Brown University. Others are more receptive to LeVays work. It makes sense, says Laura Allen, a neuroanatomist at the University of California, Los Angeles. Finding a difference in the INAH, which influences male sexual behavior, is what one would expect. The finding also has social implications. People who believe that sexual orientation is a choice help legitimize discrimination against homosexuals, says Melissa Hines, a UCLA psychologist. But if it is immutable, or partly so, then that argues for legal protections. The new study is the second to find some sort of difference between the hypothalami of gay and straight men. Last year a Dutch research team discovered that another group of neurons in this tiny gland is larger in homosexual than in straight men. But some scientists believe this structure governs daily rhythms rather than sexual behavior, so it is difficult to see any significance in the finding. Investigations of right- and left-handedness have also provided evidence of a physiological distinction. Sandra Witelson, a professor of psychiatry at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont. , has found more left-handers among homosexual women in her studies than among heterosexual women. Others have made the same observation among men. Since hand preference may be determined in part by the influence of sex hormones on the brain during gestation, Witelson believes these early hormonal influences could also play a role in sexual orientation. Animal studies provide a good deal of evidence for a biological basis of sexual orientation. Through careful manipulation of hormone levels in newborn rats, Roger Gorski, a neuroendocrinologist at UCLA, has been able to produce male rodents that demonstrate feminine behavior. Other researchers, working with mice, have noted that female fetuses that develop between two male fetuses in a litter appear to be masculinized to some degree by their brothers testosterone. They look more like males than females, mature more slowly, have fewer reproductive cycles as adults and are less attractive to male mice. In many species, particularly among mammals, homosexual-like activity is an integral part of social interaction. As any cattle rancher can attest, cows frequently mount each other. Apparently this ensures that all the females coordinate their reproductive cycles and then produce their calves at the same time. Female rhesus monkeys mount other females as a way of establishing a dominant rank in their troops hierarchy. (3 of 3) Researchers estimate that a third of American males experiment sexually with each other during their teen years, even though approximately 9 out of 10 eventually settle into relationships with girls. But both men and women may switch gears later on or be bisexual throughout life. There are some people in whom sexual orientation does not maintain itself, says June Reinisch, director of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University. Its not a matter of what they prefer; its whom they fall in love with. She cites the example of a woman who fell in love with and was married to a man for 10 years, then at the age of 30 fell in love with a woman and spent 11 years in that relationship, and at 41 fell in love with a man. Clearly, even if sexual orientation does have a biological basis in the brain, it is not necessarily fixed. All of us believe that genetic and hormonal influences are involved in homosexuality, says Reinisch, but theres also an interaction with the environment. Over the years much research on homosexuality has been motivated by a desire to eradicate the behavior rather than understand, let alone celebrate, diversity.

A Study of Change Management in Coca Cola

A Study of Change Management in Coca Cola Introduction According to a Greek philosopher Heraclitus there is nothing permanent than change. He believed that change is the core of universe. This quote describes the importance of managing change in human as well as organizational life. A structured approach to transfer organization, its people and processes from current state to a desired future state is called change management. This process gives employees the ability to accept changes in the existing environment of the business. Change can be of different type for example, change in technology, operations or strategies etc. company needs to implement individual strategies to cope with each type of change. Organizations need to change and adopt dynamic survival strategies to stay alive in uncertain political, social and economic environment (Hiatt and Creasy, 2003). All environmental factors present in the nature experience change on continuous basis. Human nature resists change, so managing that resistance requires well planned change management strategies. This report is aimed at describing the importance of change management for organization its motives and objectives, change management processes, how company can involve all the stakeholders for successful implantation of change management and the strategies that an organization can adopt to implement the successful change. Reasons for adopting change Organizations need change for the following reasons: To respond to the rapidly changing environment To improve the overall performance of the company To rapidly respond to the customers demands To improve the effectiveness and efficiency To increase the employee performance To create the best practices inside the organization and setting standards for the industry To improve profitability and return on overall investment Change management is needed for organizational survival. So the company should adopt to change management techniques in order to maintain its worth in the industry. Importance of change management In a study 327 project managers had responded to the question that if you had a chance to do it again, what would you do differently? Most of them responded that we will implement an effective change management program planned way before starting the project. This study highlights the importance of change management in an organizational perspective. Change management moderates the risks that can cause failure (Jeff and Creasey, 2003). The change management process Change management is being studied by the philosophers, researchers and business experts for many years. A number of change management theories, approaches and philosophies are developed by psychologists and management professionals to implement successful change in the organization (Paton and MacCalman, 2008). There are three phases of change management i.e. preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change. Preparation for change phase includes assessment of change capabilities and capacity and developing a strategy that fit to those capabilities. Second phase i.e. managing change phase includes processes like planning and implementation of strategies made in the first phase. Last phase which is the reinforcement of change includes the processes like collection and analyzing of feedback data, finding out gaps and coping with determined degree of resistance from inside and outside the organization and taking corrective actions to successfully conclude the change managemen t process (change management learning center, 1996-2011). Change managementA case of Coca Cola Corporation Coca Cola is a retailer, marketer and manufacturer of non-alcoholic drinks and is known worldwide for it coca cola beverage. In addition to its coca cola brand, Coca Cola Company offers 500 beverages and non beverages brands in about two hundred countries. The company was founded by Asa Candler in year 1892. Its headquarter is located in Atlanta, Georgia of United States of America. The company had total net income of approximately 11.8 billion US dollars in year 2010 with total number of employees 139,600 worldwide. Companys brand i.e. Coca Cola stands number one in the list of most well known brands of the world (Coca Cola company, 2006-2011). Coca Cola is a type of company that requires making changes in its products and business strategies according to the consumer expectations and external environment. Here in this study we would quote different examples from coca cola corporations history and will examine that what were the triggering events for opting the change and what strategies the company developed and implemented in order to successfully going through the transitioning process. Coca Cola Corporation is among one of the oldest corporations of the world. It has gone through many internal and external changes since it has been in existence. The company has used techniques of change management in order to survive from the consequences of those events. The company has faced a lot of external changes, for example in world war II, the company was able to manage its existing position at that time and also entered in many new markets and discovered new niches. The company established 64 plants across the world to supply drinks to the troops (Coca Cola company, 2006-2011). The company also provided free drinks to soldiers which were the part of its strategy to become a patriotic symbol for the people of the country. Also it boosted the sales, so the company achieved two objectives by carefully planning to respond to that external environmental change. The plants developed by the company in war era helped its expansion after the war. Barton et al (2002) reported that Coca Cola Corporation adopted acquisition strategy in time of Asian financial crisis. The company acquired bottling, coffee and tea shop businesses in Korea and Malaysia. Beverage is a type of industry where tastes and preferences of the consumers change on continuous basis. Coca Cola Company also responded to such consumer changing behaviors in effective way by developing new products like Diet Coke and Coca Cola Zero. The company also committed a marketing blender when a rival company launched a black beverage with comparatively sweet and smooth taste. The product was named as new Coke. But the sales gradually went down and company faced severe consumer critics and protests. The company managed this situation very commendably by restoring the old formula and naming the bottle as diet coke (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). As people are becoming more health conscious and willing to invest on health based products, coca cola is developing juices and vari ous energy drinks as well. This shows the companys strategy to responding varying consumer tastes and expectations and changing itself according to it. The coco cola company used theory of organization change presented by Kotler (1996) which elaborated the procedure to manage change on the people dimension of the organization. The well known CEO of coca cola Corporation Mr. Gouizetta who remained CEO of the company for seventeen years determined and solved the problem in manufacturing of drinks. He was the key man in revising coca colas operations and tailoring strategies that helped the company standing high among its competitors. He achieved objectives of the firm by planning and leading the tasks by himself and provided an inspirational leadership to the employees. He was the one who appointed talented human resource like Ivester who took great part in covering the weaknesses and exploiting the opportunities for the company (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.). In addition to making operational and strategic changes, the company also changed its advertising strategy by targeting various groups of consumers like American consumers. African consumers, Middle and far eastern consumers and European consumers. The company altered the packaging of its coca cola brand and developed more product lines and broadened them globally (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.). The present condition of coca cola company worldwide is very good. The company is selling its beverages throughout the world successfully. But in some countries, coca cola stores are not as according to the companys main marketing, inventory and efficiency theme. The company is planning to align its performance standards according to its own corporate culture and strategies with the help of a comprehensive change management plan. These changes will be implemented within the business operations and management of the company. CHANGE MANAGEMENT AT COCA COLA Employee engagement The recent change management at coca cola is directed towards the intrinsic values and motivations of the employees and can be referred to as employee engagement. The change management process, together with internal branding programs is expected to bring about ideal behaviors in employees, which would align the operations of coca cola worldwide, and bring about efficiency throughout coca cola across all its business segments. Coca cola hopes to bring about a thoroughly integrated system of communications, and focus on creating brand relationships with their employees. This would enhance the operations of Coca cola, as an integrated approach would mean all employees believe in engaging fully in the values, and this would become an inherent part of the employees at a personal level. Coca-cola is actively seeking to incorporate the change into its company if the recent conference on internal branding and and employee engagement held in February,2011 by Robin Gee, Head of Employee Engagement for Coca-Cola Refreshments (CCR) is any indication. Robin Gee is responsible for building capability in engagement, maintaining engagement momentum and ensuring that engagement is integrated into CCRs people practices (Samdahl,2011). For this purpose, employee engagement surveys are conducted twice every year for all the coca cola associates, which serve to highlight the areas where action is required, and further actions and implementations can henceforth be executed. Coca-cola believes that their business results hinge on the dedication of their employees to operational excellence. The company truly recognizes the importance of the people to the business, and knows that to continue to bring about tremendous results it is bringing in, employees throughout the world should believe in the values intrinsically, and therefore the employee engagement is being focused on all the countries the company serves to align thoroughly integrate and align the company so that operational efficiency can be achieved. Importance of change to coca cola Employee engagement is very significant to all segments of operations at coca-cola and has translated into performance in areas where employee engagement is higher. For coca-cola, an engaged workforce means: A more committed workforce Employee performance aligned with organizational objectives Employees have a clear idea of what is expected of them and what are the deliverables Customer experience focus an inherent part of employees values, who strives to provide a better experience to the customers. Customer focus was identified as a central tenant of the multi-year engagement strategy to be implemented in 2011( Gee,2011) When employees are aligned with company goals, they themselves adopt a proactive approach towards issues such as waste elimination Employees awareness gives them a voice which helps to influence legislations at local levels An integrated system of communication is very helpful in the volatile and dynamic markets of today, where conditions change very often and the company has to be responsive at all times Therefore, for all the business segment of coca-cola wherever they are located across the world, the change towards employee engagement is justified if they have to reap the fruits gained by an effective system of integration. Ensuring the Involvement of Required Stakeholders Coca Cola Company can use two change management tools to make sure that all people who are required to be the part of change management process. These tools are Force Field analysis and AKADAR model. Force field analysis is a technique developed by Kurt Lewin to scrutinize the forces that are causing an opposition to change process (Bass, 2009). By doing Force Field Analysis, Coca Cola Company will be able to inductpeople who are in need of appropriate training. Anothr useful tool is AKADAR model which stands for Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement. Through AKDAR model, firm creates awareness about the need of change, generate desire in the people to help in transitioning process, give knowledge to the people that how they can help the change process, develop an ability in the people to go through the change and provide them with continuous reinforcement to withstand the change (CMLR, 2011). Ensuring that change is successful Some considerations that will facilitate the change management process include: productive and consequential dialogues and talks with employee representatives Online and paper surveys from all the stakeholders involved in the change throughout the world, and with associates to gain an insight on their perceptions Effective communication at this stage for informing the stakeholders the reasons for change and the benefits it would bring Overcoming the inertia by taking all stakeholders in confidence. The surveys can serve as a pre requisite to gain an insight on the stakeholder perspective Details of the action planning process communicated to all those who would initiate the change Recommendations for Coca Cola Company In the volatile dynamics with which companies operate today, change in inevitable. Therefore, the focus should not be on avoiding change, rather bringing about a smooth transition towards the new change by communication about the change, and ensuring all parties of the change that it is for the best of all those involved. To successfully implement organizational change of any nature, a specific regards to organizational structure, design, culture, management and leadership is required to see whether the change would make a best fit with the organizational goals and objectives. First of all the company should ascertain the core problems exist in the company for the change management. The company may develop a change management program for responding to financially uncertain environment of the world. It can also develop change management programs for better operations and logistics. The company can introduce new procedures and technological systems to carry out operations. Programs can be introduced in forms changing companys mission and corporate culture enhancements. For all that, the most essential thing is to train upper management to provide them with specific skills necessary to effectively going through the transitioning process. Following is the brief expression of plans that the company can adopt. Systems thinking Systems thinking can be used to guide the successful change in the organization. The model is based on an integrative and interactive open system which consists of the variables, attributes, internal relations and environment. The system is based on characteristics like wholeness, interdependence, chain of influence, need for balance and adaptability etc in an open system where communication is seen as an integrated process that facilitates change within the organization. Several system characteristics are: wholeness and interdependence (the whole is more than the sum of all parts), correlations, perceiving causes, chain of influence, hierarchy, suprasystems and subsystems, self-regulation and control, goal-oriented, interchange with the environment, inputs/outputs, the need for balance/homeostasis, change and adaptability (morphogenesis) and equifinality: there are various ways to achieve goals. Different types of networks are: line, commune, hierarchy and dictator networks. Communication in this perspective can be seen as an integrated process not as an isolated event. Establishing new structure It is a well known fact that Coca Cola Corporation was a entrepreneurial venture started by one person who bought the formula from another firm and laid foundations of that beverages manufacturing firm. Current structure of the coca cola company is simple with minimal labor and management division. New system that can be adopted by the company may be the machine bureaucracy which Henry Mintzberg (1992) defined as an organization with clearly defined hierarchy, well defined area of operations, standard operating procedures, proper rules and regulations, well division of labor, formal relationships among the member of organization, centralized decision making, technical competence and standardization of work. Reducing employee defiance Opposition of change is a common human behavior. Particularly, in the workplace people resist the change in organizational culture, structure and policies. But in order to successfully and effectively implement the change management program, it is important for Coca Cola Company that it should develop strategies to reduce employee defiance to change.Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) explained six strategies which can be useful for coca cola Company in employee defiance management. First strategy is to involve the employee in change process and make them participate as far as they can. Second strategy is to communicate the change management programs to the people effectively as educate them about the benefits the programs would bring. This will make them comfortable in adopting the change. Third strategy is negotiation and agreement. The company should create a consensus on important change issues and with the agreement of all important stakeholders; it should launch the change management program. The resistance level will be zero on change programs that are being launched with the mutual agreement of all relevant stakeholders. Fourth strategy is that to support the employees who are due to some disability or emotional or psychological issue or some other threat unable to adapt to the change. If the company develops and proper channel to feel such people taken care of, they would adjust gradually to the change management program. In case of failure of above mentioned four strategies, company can manipulate the employees by calling union leader other relevant ones as fifth strategy. Sixth strategy is to force the employees with articulate or non-articulate methods but this is not a very good approach. Conclusion To conclude, it may be said that communication can be a key element to successful change management. Communicate the changes to the employees, tell them why the change was inevitable and how they will benefit from the change. The management should itself adopt a positive attitude towards the change so that employees can follow their lead and welcome the change. Coca-cola as a company has a heritage of embracing change rather than resist it and it should translate into their future endeavors towards change management to ensure that the organization is best poised to market and environmental conditions.

Strategic Change Management At Marks And Spencer Business Essay

Strategic Change Management At Marks And Spencer Business Essay Marks and Spencer is one of the leading foods and non food items retailer almost all over the world and its mission is to provide excellent quality to their customers. It has long heritage of excellent service and product and successful stories of business. These days they have faced some great extend of competition from their competitors such as competitive price strategy and use of excellent market tools and new fashion at low cost prices. In this report we will discuss the need of change that Marks and Spencer would required in organization. Background of Change: These days companies are focus to increase their product line and market their process by using of effective marketing tools for example 4ps for example Tesco is the one of the biggest retailer in the UK and currently having more than 2500 line of products in their store and they are increasing their products day by day because they want to retain their old customers as well as they want to attract new customers, for this purpose they have strong RD Team that helps them to know that what would be the competitive product and they not only took initiative but also start their specific group researched to improve their existing product. Mean while the whole process is monitored by upper management level and they use right place, right process and right product for the right people and increase their sales level with the slogan of Every little help. This is very effective strategy to show the whole process by saying that that they are only helping their customers. The need of above example is the main key process of their RD team is that they review their whole process again and again to make their decision and products better and implement changes on urgency basis. Before discussing the need of change in Marks and Spencer I will discuss and model for changes which are these: Kotters Model for Change Kotters Model for Change: Change is a process that need to be placed compulsory in each and every organization these days after certain period, these changed could be in management level or labour level, but the important thing that this change should be implemented successfully to gain the same level or more then the old level of satisfaction or profit. In Harvard Business School Korter introduced the eight step of model of change that help organization to implement the desired change successfully and carefully and also on urgent basis. (Mind Tools, 2011) He mentioned that changes that organization need in the presence of their competitors are most quick so thats why employees should accept the change to help the org. to lead in market with quick decision. Step no. 1: Need of Urgency: As we have discussed above that company needs a quick change to lead in the market with competitive skills and products and with competitive decisions. Now we will see its importance with an example of Marks and Spencer, suppose its competitor ASDA introduces a discount of 10% bread and butter together, now the very next morning it is the challenging situation for Marks and Spencer to retain their customers before opening hour they have to call the meeting on urgent basis and plan the change in their strategy because of the competitors actions, they introduce loyalty scheme that who buys bread and butter will get double club card point that will help to retain the customers and their profit will remain same, but afterwards they need to make it sure that this one decision is implement in all their branches in UK to protect the confidence of the customers. This is call urgency need of change. To implement these skills and situation MS would need to: Analyse their employees potential of learning and their knowledge skills that how active they are towards any change Allow the room and time to employees to find out the need of business by doing SWOT analysis and made them aware that how quick they should be in term of change When management take the decision from employees than employees would know and will assess the upcoming change and will be ready to adopt it. Step no 2: Strong Coalition: Implementation of change without strong leadership means having a profit without investments in retail industry. We can measure the importance of change without leader in our daily lives. According to Korter team work of organization towards change leads to success. For that purpose Marks and Spencer must follow these points: Take a feed back from employees about the progress of the leader Do external audit to know the influence of leader on their employees Hire new strong leader to implement the changes on urgent basis Step 3: Change in Goals and Mission: Every organization do practice and do internal audit to make sure that their employees are working with the knowledge of their path that leads to common mission and objectives. According to Korter in case of change in organization goals and mission they must remember these new approaches to their employees. (Value Based, 2010) They can do in the following format: Use of few words and post it inside the organization on small distances Do the seminars with the general public and with employees to show your progress and the care companys for customers and their employees Use of these words in common speeches in mid term reports, etc. Step no. 4: Regular discussion and communication of vision and mission: As we have discussed before that the need of the management is to do practice of remembering of common vision and mission among their employees to let them know their duties and any new changes. Step no. 5: Remove Obstacles: As we have discussed the korters need of urgency at start they also focused that if they found any obstacle in reviewing process it must be removed urgently. Step no 6: Short Term Wins: Management while remembering the vision among employees should appreciate every little effort of employees to made them perfect and efficient in their own tasks. This would help the other employees to be motivated. (The leader ship hub, 2011) Step no 7: Build the Change Continuously: This step defines that company need to be productive and should not stop after certain level of change but regularly should analyse the market situation. Step no 8: Relation with companys culture: Company such as Marks and Spencer should always relate the change ideas and strategized with the company environment and with its current cultures. Change in Marks and Spencer: In recent research it is found that MS having low level of sales due to their extra expenses on non related items like according to MS they spent 2m pounds in partnership with Oxfam to collect the old unused cloths and for stopping land filling. This strategy also market on their websites and on different paid place these activities got lot of amount and did give back nothing in term of financial to stake holders. Before implementing these kinds of strategies it is necessary to measure the benefit of key stake holders. (Marks and Spencer, 2010) Initially they attract 1200 of people on their web site in one moth by saying that they will award a sum of amount who would give the most productive idea to protect the environment but this activity to invite them didnt give them as such because they were more focused towards other activities than introducing new styles and products. Need of Change in Specific Areas: As we have discussed the reason that why they need change that is first of all the over spent on the advertising and second thing is that the focus of the management towards companies goal and mission and third is increasing the product line. These factors are not only focused on companys strategies but if we discuss the same factors with the companys objective we must ensure the quality of whole process to let every employees know the importance and values of companys mission. With the relation of all above discussion now I will discuss the exact main root of change that what are the places needed change? Factors of need of change: Below are the main root that causes the disturbance and these factors need to become changed in Marks and Spencer: Unclear goals of MS among the employees Extra spending and attention of extra curricular activities Low number of product line Increase new style fashion Regular reviewing and monitoring process (Internal Audit) These are the few points that must be implementing in Marks and Spencer to accomplish its old mission statement. Change in Management Activities: As we have discussed that the main problem in marks and Spencer is that their vision towards their business activities is not clear they are focus to treat other activities as their own business activities such as they joined their hand with Oxfam a charity organization and have started campaign to collect the unusable cloths to stop land filling and reselling them with the help of Oxfam. Actually they have distracted from their actual work its not due to some employees activity but this action is being decided and taken by upper level of management. Now the change is needed in that area to recover the absence and demage to business brand value to complete their uncompleted short term goals to achieve long term goals on decided time until 2020. Application of Kotters Model: Here kotters first step of model of change applies that they needs to create the situation of quick change by considering the current situation of their business as compare to the other competitors they must be able to act as quick as they want to gain the profit from the market businesses. For this they need a strong leadership that would motivate and attract the employees towards the need of urgency because some times employees didnt focus that what they are doing and they didnt adopt the change so it is the responsibility of leader to insist them that change is the compulsory thing that needs to be implement. (mind tools, 2010) Change in Product Line: The change is needed in product line where there are very few fashion products they are presenting as compare to their competitors. BY doing SWOT analysis they would come to know the need of new and innovative product that will help them to retain the old customers and by introducing new styles in non food industry they will attract other new customers as well. (Marks and Spencer) Change in Spending on Extra curricular Activities: They need to change their perception towards the mind capturing of customers until now they understand that the best way to attract the customers is socialise them on their web site and ask them to give new ideas to win the prizes but these ideas were not so popular and still the reason of spending extra money and time on it. Application of Short term Wins: After ensuring the strong leader management need to do a quick review of their planning and find out any barrier that stops their progress towards their goals. After ensuring all tools and techniques than they need to make sure that they are appreciating their employees to get out of them some thing extra to promote their vision and to get the suggestions and new ideas from them. Change in Fashion Products: As we have discussed that they are currently in need to attract the customers by introducing new styles and fashion in garments industry to attract more customers from all around the UK so in that case they would able to become the market leader in short term in the UKs market. Relation with Marks and Spencers Culture: After ensuring that they have removed the barriers and have created short term wins now they need to change the inner environment of MS time by time to get the modern techniques and styles in to their organization. That continuous change would remind the employees to give their on suggestions on their short term wins and with that opinions business would be able to act more quickly towards the change. Key Stake holder at Marks and Spencer: Now we will discuss the importance of stake holders in any organizations and their need in the companies change strategies and their importance in over all business planning. Stake holder means a group of person and companies having direct or in direct relation with the company strategies and they are affected with company decision internally or externally. Suppliers as a key stake holder at MS: Supplier at Marks and Spencer are both food and non food products so while making strategic planning it is crucial to take care of their interest in that policies. Suppliers interest could be increase in number of their order so they would get paid more and taking new orders would increase their productivity and profit. With the consent in change in business strategies of suppliers they would able to provide new products and new ideas on time to the customers on the shop and also on online stores and they would get on time door to door delivery. They also a great impact on environmental by using green factories and transportation while delivering the food and fashion products to the customers at their doors. Board of Directors at Marks and Spencer: Board of Directors are those person who have superior power inside the organization and are holding large number of shares and any nay policies effect their interest more badly or positively. So it is vey important to design the change policy in the way in which BOD can easily identify their short term and long term profit of the organization. Customers of Marks and Spencer: Their are two types of customers who shop from Marks and Spencer that is in shop customers and other type is Online customers in recent annual report according to MS they showed the sales figure in which the total 15% of sale from UK was online based that was the huge amount sold from online resources. Now while doing change in organization it is very important to consider the interest of both type of customers to get the highest level of satisfied customers with increasing number of sales. Government: In some projects govt. is included in the business planning as a stake holder such a charity program that runs nation wide have a great influence of govt. department in it so doing change in policies would effect them badly. So management needs to care their interest as well to protect their long term benefit. Implementation Process of Model of Change in Marks and Spencer: Bow we will discuss the need of change and how they implement it in the organization with consent of all other key stake holders. To understand this process easily I have divided these steps in main five steps such as financial and function level and their sub heads with Kotters models, etc. The implementation is described in table below: Model of Change in Marks and Spencer Levels Definition Starting/Function level Need To made quick decision on Urgent basis Strong leadership that leads to strong team work Process Level Clear vision on all companys objective On regular basis communication with companys employees Structure Level Improve structure level by removing any obstacle Increase the confidence by awarding them on short term achievement Marketing Level Regular working towards change with the help of marketing tools Innovation/Maturity Level Daily revision of old achievements and new targets Progress with practice under supervision Discussion of above Table of application and implementation: In Marks and Spencer company have lot of branches inside the UK to make sure that they all act on policies of change at functional level and process level it is necessary to get their strong leadership on them to bring the new and desired change it is due to the research of Kotters model of change according to him the need of change only could be generated if the team would have strong coalition and strong leadership. Thats why doing SWOT analysis at this level is also important to get rid of barriers at urgency level, other wise whole process would lead to the company towards unsuccessful change and the interest of stake holders would be damaged. Yours Truly, Adnan Jamil

edgar allen poe :: essays research papers fc

Poe's first collection, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, appeared in 1840. It contained one of his most famous work, 'The Fall of the House of Usher.' In the story the narrator visits the crumbling mansion of his friend, Roderick Usher, and tries to dispel Roderick's gloom. Although his twin sister, Madeline, has been placed in the family vault dead, Roderick is convinced she lives. Madeline arises in trance, and carries her brother to death. The house itself splits asunder and sinks into the tarn. The tale has inspired several film adaptations. Roger Corman's version from 1960, starring Mark Damon, Harry Ellerbe, Myrna Fahey, and Vincent Price, was the first of the director's Poe movies. The Raven (1963) collected old stars of the horror genre, Vincent Price, Peter, Lorre, Boris Karloff, who mostly played for laughs. According to the director, Price and Lorre "drove Boris a little crazy" - the actor was not used to improvised dialogue. Corman filmed the picture in fi fteen days, using revamped portions of his previous Poe sets. In Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838) the secret theme is the terror of whiteness. In the novel Poe has invented tribes that live near the Antarctic Circle. The strange bestial human are black, even down to their teeth. They have been exposed to the terrible visitations of men and white storms. These are mixed together, and they slaughter the crew of Pym's vessel. The Argentinean writer Jorge Luis Borges has assumed that Poe chose the color intuitively, or for the same reasons as in Melville explained in the chapter 'The Whiteness of the Whale' in his Moby-Dick. Later the 'lost world' idea was developed by Edgar Rice Burroughs in The Land That Time Forgot (1924) and other works. During the early 1840s Poe's best-selling work was curiously The Conchologist's First Book (1839). It was based on Thomas Wyatt's work which sold poorly because of its high prize. Wyatt was Poe's friend and asked him to abridge the book and put his own name on its title Page - the publisher had strongly opposed any idea of producing a cheaper edition. The Conchologist's First Book was a success. Its first edition was sold out in two months and other editions followed. The dark poem of lost love, 'The Raven,' brought Poe national fame, when it appeared in 1845. In a lecture in Boston the edgar allen poe :: essays research papers fc Poe's first collection, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, appeared in 1840. It contained one of his most famous work, 'The Fall of the House of Usher.' In the story the narrator visits the crumbling mansion of his friend, Roderick Usher, and tries to dispel Roderick's gloom. Although his twin sister, Madeline, has been placed in the family vault dead, Roderick is convinced she lives. Madeline arises in trance, and carries her brother to death. The house itself splits asunder and sinks into the tarn. The tale has inspired several film adaptations. Roger Corman's version from 1960, starring Mark Damon, Harry Ellerbe, Myrna Fahey, and Vincent Price, was the first of the director's Poe movies. The Raven (1963) collected old stars of the horror genre, Vincent Price, Peter, Lorre, Boris Karloff, who mostly played for laughs. According to the director, Price and Lorre "drove Boris a little crazy" - the actor was not used to improvised dialogue. Corman filmed the picture in fi fteen days, using revamped portions of his previous Poe sets. In Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838) the secret theme is the terror of whiteness. In the novel Poe has invented tribes that live near the Antarctic Circle. The strange bestial human are black, even down to their teeth. They have been exposed to the terrible visitations of men and white storms. These are mixed together, and they slaughter the crew of Pym's vessel. The Argentinean writer Jorge Luis Borges has assumed that Poe chose the color intuitively, or for the same reasons as in Melville explained in the chapter 'The Whiteness of the Whale' in his Moby-Dick. Later the 'lost world' idea was developed by Edgar Rice Burroughs in The Land That Time Forgot (1924) and other works. During the early 1840s Poe's best-selling work was curiously The Conchologist's First Book (1839). It was based on Thomas Wyatt's work which sold poorly because of its high prize. Wyatt was Poe's friend and asked him to abridge the book and put his own name on its title Page - the publisher had strongly opposed any idea of producing a cheaper edition. The Conchologist's First Book was a success. Its first edition was sold out in two months and other editions followed. The dark poem of lost love, 'The Raven,' brought Poe national fame, when it appeared in 1845. In a lecture in Boston the

Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa

Goodbye It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident. Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we... Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa Goodbye It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident. Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we...

Coffee Shop Essay

The purpose of this marketing plan is to outline the complete marketing strategy, tactics, and programs for Dot. L Coffee (hereafter, â€Å"Dot. L†). Dot. L is a specialist Coffee Company that focuses on specialty coffee of Latte, coffee based products and foods as well. Dot. L is a new coffee shop in the river side district. Dot. L will be known for over 6 flavors of latte, coffee and coffee based products. In addition, light snacks and sandwiches will be offered to accompany the cappuccino and coffee based products. The cafe establishment will play modern music for ambiance and provide free wireless internet access for patrons to attract professionals in the nearby business areas. The mission of Dot. L is in the vanity of the city, Dot. L can bring you the ease of a precious. Dot. L will be unlike other cafes in that it will introduce customers to the different flavors of coffee and foods in a leisure non pressure environment. Furthermore, in a competitive market like Starbuck, Dot. L hopes to set itself apart by reaching out to those diversity flavors of latte without the high prices. The target market consists of two market segments: †¢ People who are deeply in love latte and people who hope have a relaxing time †¢ Business people from the downtown business centers and professional buildings Situation analysis is explored. This includes an overall marketing environment analysis for the company as well as more specific situation analysis such as competitor and customers action for the marketing analysis. An evaluation is conducted followed by an action plan outlining how to achieve the marketing objectives, which includes: promotion, price discounts, a bi-monthly newsletter, advertising in television and search for new channel partnerships. Company overview and the Mission Statement Dot. L will be a distinctive coffee shop which have own characteristics and culture that will serve the river side residential district. The coffee shop offers flavored latte and other coffee products, light snacks, foods and free wi-fi service for customer surfing on-line. The Dot. L primary place of operation will be located on the river side with nice view of Brisbane River. The business persons in the office building will add to the number of patrons and the circumstance their also can attract consumer to choose that place. There are plans to open additional locations after 3 years of operation. Dot. L will operate from Monday to Sunday. Monday thru Thursday, five employees will be working from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m. Friday and Saturday will work the same; however, three employees closing will work until 12 a. m. The cost for each full time labors might be 16 dollars per hour and the cost for part-time labors might be 9 dollars. The name of this coffee shop is Dot. L which means L refers to latte. Therefore latte as company core coffee products and latte art can be discovered in Dot. L. [pic] As stated in the company’s mission statement: Dot. L aims to be the cafe have own style and culture in Australia. In the vanity of the city, Dot. L can bring you the ease of a precious. Table of Contents Executive Summary2 Company overview and the Mission Statement3 Introduction6 Product Description6 Environmental Scan7 Economic environment7 Legal, political and regulatory environment8 Social and cultural environment8 Technological environment9 Competitor9 Market research10 Customers12 Marketing objectives and Market tactics12 Marketing objectives12 Product12 Price13 Place13 Promotion14 Marketing Tactics15 Market forecasting16 Action plans17 Financials18 Control20 Conclusion21 Reference list:22 Appendix 124 Introduction This marketing plan examines the steps required to reposition Dot. L cafe in the Australian marketplace. Dot. L is a cafe brand will locate on river side in Brisbane. Dot. L offers a variety of coffee, specialty coffee of Latte, coffee based products and foods. In addition, in order to attract consumers latte art also be adopted into the coffee products. Basically the price for the regularly coffee the price will not over four dollars. The cafe will focus on the business people and normally customers. Dot. L in Australia employ approximately 30 labors includes chiefs, shop assistant, shop keeper, senior manager. The Dot. L brand name comes from its core products will offer in the cafe that aim to: 1. Attract consumers 2. Build brand 3. Trade profit achieve about 8-10% The marketing plan followed by analysis the situation in marketplace, competitors analysis for the Dot. L entry into the market. Furthermore, market research and customers analysis will provide to assist the Dot. L to locates the market accurately. It also considers the market forecasting and financials for the three-year period. Product Description The Dot. L will offer many items that would have perfect taste. From traditional coffee to the light snacks and foods, Dot. L will offer something traditional and original for all tastes. Daily latte specials will be offered, featuring a different blend and flavor each day. The cafe specialty will prefer to European style design. The six different lattes are includes: cafe au lait; ghetto latte or bootleg lattes; hot or iced latte versions of chai, matcha, and Royal milk tea; red latte; latte macchiato and Caffe latte. Latte and Coffee will be sold in three sizes, with prices ranging from $2. 00 to $5. 00. Flavors will be available at an additional charge of $0. 50. Espresso, cappuccino, mocha, and other specialty drinks will be available in two sizes and will cost $3. 75 and $6. 50. Environmental Scan. Economic environment Robust business, consumer confidence and high export price for raw materials have fuelled the economy for 16 years. Australia has a strong economy with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of $ 38,000(CIA, 2009), and GDP was estimated to be growing at 3. 8% annually (CIA, 2009). However, in 2008 with the impact of the global economic crisis, manufacturing output and employment started to falter, and the Australian economy headed into a severe slowdown (Jackson, 2008). Even through, in 2010 the economy has begun to turn for the better, the consumers’ purchase tendency is not recover. As both cause and effect, consumers cut back on spending, specifically on food, clothing, furniture, entertainment, cars and mobile phones (Uren, 2008). The economic conditions in Australia present opportunities and risk for Dot. L. The decrease in consumer spending will force cafe industry to seek specialist assist to retain customers and maintain sales. In the other hand, this will increase the demand for specialist service like Dot. L which can provide business men have plcae to release pressure. However, the reality of a downturn may cause retailers to cut back on all spending including on retail consulting and training services. Additionally some retailers are likely to go out of business. Legal, political and regulatory environment Small business branding through labeling and packaging conclusively builds company and product recognition. Positioning the unique product through private label aimed at the target market results in an effective, low cost marketing strategy. It is the solution to getting customers into the store and back again and again. In American, the government publishes a legislative memo of a cyber-cafe restriction in 2006 (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2006). The China government also publishes the same restrictions. Because most of the cafe will provide the service of internet, so, they should pay attention to theses legislative issue (Rodnin, 2005). Social and cultural environment According to Australian Coffee Traders Association, Annual General Meeting 2006 that pointed out overall speaking, the Australian coffee market is very competitive but consumers are brand-loyal (ACTA, 2008). Australia is a country of different immigrants, especially proud of a traditional strong coffee culture started by European immigrants(AusFoodNews,2010). The strong coffee culture of Australia has influenced growth in coffee shops, especially among the younger generation. Coffee drinking has become an integral part of the modern lifestyle. In Australia, the specialist coffee shops have become more than just a place to drink coffee. Increasingly, coffee shops serve as places to meet for business and pleasure – a location for peace and quiet away from home and office. ACTA (2008) stated that more than one billion cups of coffee are consumed in cafes, restaurants and other outlets each year, this is an increase of 65% over the last 10 years. The Coffee consumption of Australian per capita has doubled over the last 30 years (ACTA, 2008). According to a new report by Euromonitor International – â€Å"Consumer Foodservice in Australia†. (2004) the number of transactions through coffee shops grew by 7% and value sales grew by almost 29%. Technological environment Technological advances in Australia have resulted in an increase usage of the internet. This has resulted in all industry expanding into a new channel: offering services, marketing and selling products over the internet. For Dot. L, the cafe can take this advantage which is using intern as the company’s channel to promote the marketing. Competitor. The popularity of franchising as a business opportunity in Australia has also had a significant impact on the number of chain specialist coffee shops, such as Gloria Jean’s, The Coffee Club, Zarrafa’s Coffee which expanded mainly through franchising (Market Research World, n. d. ). Euromonitor International’s research shows that the Gloria Jean’s chain had the largest increase in outlets in 2004, thereby boosting its market share from 28% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Gloria Jean’s has already opened over 900 shops around the world, and 407 stores are established in Australia-wide. Therefore, Gloria Jean’s can be regarded as the most powerful competitor. The Coffee Club has expanded its business to overseas, including Beijing, Bangkok, Dubai and Thailand. It has had more than 200 stores across the whole world. Compared with these two brands Gloria Jean’s and The Coffee Club, Zarrafa’s Coffee is a young brand. The brand comes from Gold Coast, and it only has 14 years history. Zarrafa’s Coffee has 41 stores across South East Queensland. Consequently, Zarrafa’s Coffee can be thought as the least powerful competitor for Dot. L. According to the report, sales of hot drink products in Australia surpassed A$1350m in the year 2008 and is expected to be worth A$1473m in 2013, with the coffee category accounting for the largest share followed by tea (Trading Room, 2010). It can be assumed that more people might enter the cafe industry. Market research In this section is to present the research about the marketing research for the Dot. L Coffee. Since this is a brand, the main goal of the Dot. L Coffee is to establish brand awareness among the target audience, which is business people, and 94 percent of them are aged 25 to 40. In this research, it chooses 10 male and 10 female to do the interview. Figure 1: The Frequency of the respondents to have coffee [pic] Figure 2: The Buying Habits of the Respondents [pic] According to the figure 1 and 2, of the business people that polled, 70 percent said they have coffee every day. And a full 58 percent said they prefer to enjoy coffee in the cafe. Others will enjoy coffee in their office or at home, here, 52 percent of them will buy the coffee products in the coffee shop, and 47 percent of them prefer buy it form the supermarket. Figure 3: The Acceptable Price per Coffee of the Respondents [pic] 45 percent of the respondents said that they would like Latte, and both of respondents who prefer Espresso and Mocha are divine 15 percent, 25 percent of respondents choose Cappuccino. Referring to the figure 3, 70 percent of them represent the acceptable price per cup of coffee is $3-8 dollars, and below $3 dollars and above $8 dollars will share the same percentage of 15 percent. Take a look at this chart, the best media mix, then, would be a combination of TV and magazine advertisements. Both of TV and magazine were divine 30 percent of the total population. And 20 percent of people prefer print advertisement. To conclude, even though our target audience is clearly defined, introducing a new product is always a gamble. But with the proper media mix we can certainly lessen the chance of failure. Customers The primary target market for the Dot. L Coffee will be the local business people. The cafe will be a sit-down coffee shop with wi-fi connectivity. The cafe will serve a variety of flavored latte, coffee products, beverages, sandwiches, and treats to local customers. The target market consists of two market segments, that is people who are deeply in love latte and people who hope have a relaxing time; and business people from the downtown business centers and professional buildings. Marketing objectives and Market tactics Marketing objectives The purpose of this marketing plan is to launch a cafe with delicate bakery, and professional coffees and which will bring simple cozy and friendly atmosphere. Based on the product features and marketing 4P principles, the three years’ specific marketing plan will be given as the following to ensure objectives and expectations are met. Product First off all, the key customers are those people who fond into Latte which means the product image is designed as professional Latte maker with friendly, easy communicate, happy relationship atmosphere. In order to match the product concept: simple and cozy so that the color of the cafe should be designed as clean, comfortable. And the coffee cup and tableware would be designed to match the interior decoration as mildness and simple. The main special coffee is Latte. Meanwhile, espresso, cappuccino, mocha, and other specialty drinks will be available too. The latte flavors will include vanilla, chocolate, and caramel. This can be designed as the first year menu and in the following three years the product will be developed according to the market trend. Price The Dot. L cafe will specially offer delicate bakery with other beverages such as soda and juice. Coffee will be sold in three sizes, with prices ranging from $2. 00 to $5. 00. All prices take into consideration the cost of material, 25% for food and 45% for beverages. Espresso, cappuccino, mocha, and other specialty drinks will be available in two sizes and will cost $3. 75 and $6. 50. All different deserts will be sold by the slice such as cheesecake, chocolate cake, muffin, sandwich and cupcake. Prices range from $2. 75 to $8. 00. The frequent customer can join the membership and participate the buy 10 get one free activity. Place The cafe name Dot. L is from the coffee Latte which is combined with espresso and steamed milk. Hence, the image of the cafe will deliver simple and warm message to customers. The location of Dot. L will be choosing at Brisbane river side. The space will be designed with a glass room and interior will be more concise and mediterrane an style. The common area will have white coffee tables surrounded by plush chairs and sofas and allow customers to set up laptop and spread out paperwork. The walls will be painted into warm color to enhance the relax and friendly atmosphere. Promotion Besides, in order to develop the market and receive good reputation from the very first. The Dot. L Cafe will be promoted in a variety of ways. The annual budget allotment for advertising is $19,904 for the first year of operation. These monies will be distributed as follows: 1. Southern Star –  Southern Star will be printed monthly showing the nightly specials. They will be distributed throughout the area on cars, handed out at the library, delivered to the local office buildings, and posted on street signs and other obvious places. 2. Radio –  The cafe will run many radio spots on local radio stations. The ads will feature the daily coffee specials and will air during the morning and afternoon drive times to capitalize on drive-by traffic. 3. Entertainment –  The Dot. L Cafe will feature local entertainment every other weekend. The entertainers will provide music, poetry, art, and dancing. These events will be promoted through additional print and radio spots. Besides, Dot. L will engage in promoting premium varieties of coffee by educating their customers about the different coffees that are available. This strategy would lead to increased sophistication among customers. 4. Web Presence –  The Dot. L Cafe will promote the business and specials over the Internet through a website. The website will be updated monthly to advertise specials and product offerings. The Radio and newspaper advertisement could be launch at the first half year to attract more customers. Entertainment and web presence should be developed as long term promotion plan in the next three years. The Dot. L Cafe will promote itself to its new customers by offering discount memberships for frequent consumers. There will be buy 10 get one free card available for coffee. The remaining  advertising  budget  will be used to print membership and frequent consumer cards. Serve the highest quality food and beverage and meanwhile maintain low cost of goods and inventory is one of the key objectives. Thus Logistics and distribution would be a crucial part as well. The fresh meats, cheeses, and  vegetables  will be purchased through good reputation food source distributors. The researching and negotiating of the best prices with distributors would be put into the project process too. Marketing Tactics To achieve the above marketing objectives, this plan considers the tactic through the marketing mix which includes product, promotion and pricing. Colour appeal, packaging and style are included in product section. As the before shown, the target market of the cafe is business people who works in downtown and modern buildings. These potential customers can be regarded as white collars and the middle class. They hold well-paid, and are to pursuit quality lifestyles. Based on these, the basic colour tone will be set as dark colour tone, such as brown and black. The logo of the cafe is to stress a simple but elegant style. Because Dot. L cafe is a new brand for customers, so the promotion strategy must be heavy to entice the brand trial. The advised promotion approaches are print ad, billboard ad and in-store promotions. Setting a billboard ad on the way to the city and riverside is strongly advised. The cafe locates on the riverside; for this reason, putting ad on ferry is recommended. The pricing objective is to appeal the people who take coffee daily. A regular size cafe au lait which is the main product is priced as $4. 50. The cafe can give 5% discount to people who hold senior card. Furthermore, a point card can be given in the store when customers are making purchase. The card allows that customers can get 1 free coffee after they buy 9 coffees. Market forecasting There are more than 100 cafes in Brisbane, and 17 cafes exist in Southbank where a part of riverside is. According to one market research (Weston 2010), more and more Australian have already totally accepted the coffee culture; in addition, they are very to enjoy this culture. Therefore, a big growth on takeout coffee is brought by this social change. As a matter of fact, the flourishing demand of coffee drinking directs to the blast of many specific coffee shops. According to another research, Australians prefer to coffee with milk rather than other styles. Datamonitor’s Market Data Analytic (MDA) database indicates that retail coffee sales in Australia gained around A$752m. The Australia coffee market is in the second place around the Asian Economic in 2008. Another research predicts that the total amount around A$473m of profit can be reached in 2013. All in all, it can be concluded that there is a huge potential in the cafe market. Action plans According to the planed given above the relevant GANTT chart will guide this project go smoothly complete on time. Figure 4: The Dot. L Project Schedule |Dot. L | |? |? | |Start-up Assets to Fund |$26,000 | |Total Funding Required |$88,290 | | | | |Total Assets |$26,000 | | | | |Liabilities and Capital | | |Liabilities | | |Total Liabilities |$33,290 | | | | |Capital | | |Planned Investment |$55,000 | |Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses) |($62,290) | |Total Capital |($7,290) | | | | |Total Capital and Liabilities |$26,000 |. 2. Break-even Analysis Break-even data is presented in the chart and table below. [pic] Figure 6: Break-even Analysis |Monthly Units Break-even |7,294 | |Monthly Revenue Break-even |$18,462 | |Assumptions: | | |Average Per-Unit Revenue |$2. 53 | |Average Per-Unit Variable Cost |$0. 63 | |Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost |$13,847 | 3. Projected Profit and Loss In the first year, the Dot. L Coffee will have sales of about $533,764 of operation. In year two and three the Dot. L will have sales increases of about 10%, resulting in sales of $576,551 and $622,575, respectively. Operating expenses are $304,136 for year one, $327,694 year two, and $353,326 year three. The results for the first three years of operation are net income of $36,521 for the first year, $42,356 for the second year, and $47,819 for year three. Control Dot. L will continually evaluate the marketing environment, particularly the economic environment, due to the economic downturn, and the competitive environment. Further, in relation to the specific tactics undertaken by Dot. L for the 36 month period, each will be assigned a person who will be responsible for the success of the tactic, as well as a specific final review date. |Tactic |Responsibility |Review date | |Promotions to focus on augmented product and core product |Marketing Manager |May 2010 | |benefits | | | |Determine price discounts and rollout strategy to clients | | | |Create newsletter and implement process for it to be |Management Team |Aug 2010 | |distributed monthly | | | |More Direct-response advertising in television |Marketing Manager |Sep 2010 | |Implement selling short-term modification recommendations | | | |Search for distributors with which to form channel |Sales Director |Jun 2011 | |partnerships |. | | |Expand business to more location |Marketing Manager |Mar 2012 | | | | | | |Channel Manager |Nov 2012 | | | | | | |Sales Director |Jan 2013 | Conclusion This report sets out the marketing plan for Dot. L in Australia. It was decided that, Dot. L aims to be the cafe have own style and culture in Australia. In the vanity of the city, Dot. L can bring you the ease of a precious. The marketing strategy was explored, including each of the marketing mix areas, and tactics were recommended relating to direct-response an promotions, price discounts, and find channel partnerships. It is believed that there is opportunity for Dot. L to built own brand culture and expand in cafe industry’s marketplace. It is, therefore, this marketing plan can assist Dot. L growth in the marketplace. Reference list: Acta (2008). AUSTRALIAN COFFEE STATS. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://www. acta. org. au/article. php? a=2 Hofmann (2008). Specialist coffee shops in Australia see vigorous expansion. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. franchiseek. com/Market_Trends_Coffee_Shops_Australia_0706. htm Jellie (2006). Coffee by numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from: http://www. smh. com. au/news/good-living/coffee-by-numbers/2006/07/17/115298845 5398. html New  York  Civil  Liberties  Union(2006),  Legislative  Memo:  Cyber-cafe  Restrictions Retrieved May 17, 2010 from: http://www. nyclu. org/content/legislative-memo-cyber-caf%C3%A9-restrictions-2006 Rodnin(2007),  Motherboard  makers  may  be  affected  by  Internet  cafe  restrictions  in  China,  Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. vaosoft. com/forum/index. php? showtopic=441&pid=612&mode=threaded&show=&st=0 Shaun Weston (2010). Australian love coffee. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. foodbev. com/report/australians-love-coffee Trading Room (2008). Australia a nation of coffee drinkers. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. tradingroom. com. au/apps/view_article. ac? articleId=1196615 Wong (2010). Aussie cafe culture accounts for ‘biggest growth in coffee’. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. ausfoodnews. com. au/2010/03/04/aussie-cafe-culture-accounts-for-biggest-growth-in-coffee. html Appendix 1 The Questionnaire of the Coffee Market. This is a marketing research of the style, habits and opinions of coffee in your everyday life. Section 1: Basic Personal Information 1. What is your gender? A Male B Female 2. What is your age? A 18-25 B 26-30 C 30-40 D Above 40 3. What is your Occupation? A Students B Business men C Employee D Others 4. Are you married or single? A Married B Single 5. What is your family’s size? A 1-2 person B 3-5 person C 6-8 person D Above 8 person Section 2: 6. Where can you get the information about coffee? A Internet B Magazine/ newspaper C TV D Print Advertisement E Others 7. Where are you usually buy the coffee product? A Supermarket B Internet C Coffee shop D Others 8. How offen do you drink coffee? A Every day B 3-4 times per week C Once a week D Never 9. Where do you usually drink coffee? A Cafe B At home C At office D At campus E Others 10. What kind of coffee would you like? A Latte B Espresso C Cappuccino D Mocha E Other specialty drinks 11. How much of a cup of coffee is acceptable for you? A $2-3 /cup B $3-5/cup C $5-8/cup D $8-10/cup E Above $10/cup Thank you for your participation!!!