Factors that affect enzyme activity

Since the active send for any molecules of one enzyme testament be made up of the same arrangement of amino acids, It has a highly specific shape. Generally, on that point is only one active send on each enzyme molecule and only one type of subst localise molecule testament fit into it. This specificity leads to the lock and key hypothesis, obtain 1 http/twwa. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/blology/ biological-molecules-and-enzymes/revise-it/enzymes Source 2 http//cllck4blology. lnfo/c4b?/chem3. 6. htmone a) Large globular protein enzyme b) Active situate where the subst evaluate combines to the enzyme ) Substrate which fits the active site d) Activated complex.The substrate is diminished to al little the answer. e) Un qualifyingd enzyme/ re-used at low tightfistedness f) Product of the reaction In my investigation, I volition be using the enzyme catalase, which is found in most living organisms. It change states the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Into water and oxygen. 2 H202 + catalase 2820 + 02 Catalase dramatically reduces the activation energy needed for the reaction. Without catalase the decomposition would take much longer, and would non be fast enough to sustain human life.Hydrogen peroxide is in any case a dangerous, very potent by-product of metabolism, so it is essential that it is crushed down quickly, otherwise it would realize damage to cells. The activity of an enzyme is affected by its environmental conditions. Changing these allow alter the rate of reaction caused by the enzyme. In nature, organisms adjust the conditions of their enzymes to produce an optimal rate of reaction, where necessary, or they whitethorn have enzymes which be adapted to function well In utmost(prenominal) conditions where they live.Enzyme dumbness at low enzyme submerging there is great rivalry for he active sites and the rate of reaction is low. As the enzyme concentration increases, there be much active sites and the reaction can proceed at a faster rate, for more enzymes will be colliding with substrate molecules. Eventually, change magnitude tne enzyme concentratlon Deyona a certain polnt nas no erect Decause tne suDstrate concentration becomes the control factor.Inquiring upon this factor, it is frank to anticipate increasing enzyme concentration will also increase rate of reaction based upon contextual knowledge and after casting a certain amount of enzyme oncentration, it will no longer be the limiting factor. If I experiment on this factor, I would perceive my data to jibe the graph on a lower floor, as it exemplifies how increasing enzyme concentration increases rate of reaction(shown through boundary climbing) until it becomes the limiting factor and the rate of reaction does not increase(shown through demarcation line not climbing).Source 3 http//alevelnotes. com/Factors- affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 Substrate Concentration similar to the enzyme concentration, at low concentrations of substrate there is a low rate of reaction. This is because there are few substrate molecules to react with active sites and therefore limiting the build of reactions happening. Henceforth, increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed.However, after a certain concentration, any increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, since Substrate Concentration will no longer be the limiting factor. The enzymes will effectively become saturated, and will be working at their maximum contingent rate. If I was to investigate this factor, I would predict the rate of reaction will increase as substrate concentration increases, until a certain concentration is added when the substrate molecules are in excess resulting in enzyme saturation.The graph (below) demonstrates my prediction. Source 3 http//alevelnotes. com/Factors-affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 enzyme and sub strate Simple image portraying proposed image for concentration (discussed in according factors). Mentioned as picture of proposed investigation below Temperature All enzymes ave optimal temperatures, the temperature at which an enzyme produces the highest reaction rate for a specific reaction. The majority of enzymes in the human body works outflank at 37 Celsius degrees.This is because 37 degrees Celsius is the bodys internal temperature and enzymes such as catalase, have been adapted to work best at that certain temperature. Below the optimum temperature, substrates have little kinetic energy and fewer enter the active site to be catalyzed. However, as temperature increases towards the optimum, the substrates and enzymes unclutter more inetic energy and collide more often pencil lead to a chemical reaction. When the temperature goes above the optimum, the bonds holding enzymes together also gain kinetic energy, increasing the speed at which they vibrate.This leads to the bon ds breaking within the enzyme, fashioning it change shape. This change in shape fee-tails that the active site is less complementary to the shape of the substrate, so that it is less likely to catalyse the reaction. Eventually, the enzyme will Decome denatured ana will no longer Tunctlon. I nen as temperature Increases more nzymes molecules active sites will become less complementary for the substrate molecules and then more enzymes will be denatured.This will lessening the rate of reaction. If I examined this factor, I would predict that the rate of reaction will prime quantity at 37 degrees Celsius, as that is the optimum temperature of catalase. Also, as stated in the latter paragraph, increasing or decreasing the temperature from its optimum will displace the rate of reaction. Therefore, I should expect the data I collected to be similar of the graph below. Source 4 http//www. rsc. rg/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/ enzymes. tm PH pH measures the acidity and basicity ofa solution. It is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, and therefore a good indicator of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. It ranges from PHI to pH14. Lower pH values mean higher H + concentrations and lower OH- concentrations. Unlike the same optimal temperature for all enzymes that dwell in the human body (370c) the optimum pH varies for the enzymes. For example, the enzyme pepsin has an optimum pH of 2. 0 whereas catalase has an optimum of 7. 6.Enzymes in divers(prenominal) locations have different Optimum pH values since their environmental conditions may be different. In this instance, pepsin operates most competently at pH 2 because it is commonly found in the stomach, where pH is low due to the presence of hydrochloric acid. Enzymes work in small ranges of pH values, so any change above or below the optimum will cause a sudden decrease in rate of reaction, since more of the enzyme molecules will have active sites whose shapes are not (or at least are less) co mplementary to the shape of their substrate.Small changes below or above the optimum, does not cause a permanent change to the enzymes since the bonds can be reformed. However, extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to denature and permanently loose their function. When the pH is changed from the optimal of the certain enzyme, the H+ and OH- interfere with hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold together an enzyme, since they will be attracted or repelled by the charges created by the bonds. This interference causes a change in the shape of the enzyme and most importantly, the active site.