Positive Perspective On Right Realism Criminology Essay

Positive Perspective On cover pragmatism Criminology EssayBoth Right and leave Realism have positive and negative aspects to their postures on the definition of detestation. Overall, leftfield Realism is the perspective I agree with most out of the two. The impressiveness of inner-city street crime is central to both left(a) and Right Realism for different reasons however both standpoints make the mis trail of neglecting the importance of the less telescopic white-collar crime. This essay will critically evaluate Left and Right Realism, comparing and evaluating the positive and negative aspects of both perspectives.Right RealismPositive perspective on Right RealismRight Realism has been influential on government policy particularly in the USA and through the Thatcher years in the UK. Right Realists custom sore York City as an example of their zero tolerance policy being successfully adopted, under Police Commissioner William Bratton and Mayor Giuliani in 1994 (Bowling, 19 96). The city that had s tiptopped caring about itself reduced the crime browse by 37% over 3 years (Bowling, 1996) Homicide decreased by 51%, violence by 38%, car crime by 40% and robberies by 32% (Gibbons, 1996). Analysts of the New York Miracle tended to agree in that location had been a signifi movet decrement in crime due to the zero tolerance policing practices brought about by the restructuring of the law department (Bowling, 1996).James Q Wilson was against the popular view that increasing welfargon nourishment would result in crime reduction (Jones, 2001). He was right to question this notion as during the 1960s these welfare expansions were implemented yet crime rate still rose (Jones, 2001). Hence it is understandable that during the economic downturn of the 1970s Right Realism rose in popularity and right wing governments were appointed in the UK and US (Jones, 2001).The Left Idealist obsession with issues of the 1970s allowed Right Realism to seize initiative in th e political power debate as they offered a strong response while the left provided no strategy (Jones, 2001).Wilson and Herrnstein focused on individual choice as well as the tolerance and dependency of individuals on the welfare system as an expla dry land to evil deportment (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein strongly backed the idea that effective social conditioning can however take place in a nuclear family and therefore did not approve of single parents (Jones, 2001). Children from broken homes tend to be more likely to realize pitiful acts in the future (Portes, 1998).Negative perspective on Right RealismWilson was the former policy advisor of Republican President Reagan (Jones, 2001). Hence there are sincere issues on relying on official statistics of the time. Wilson ignores crimes of the powerful, which are financially more damaging than public order offenses. His obsession with highly visible criminal behaviour means he neglects white-collar crime, which could be d own to his conservative background (Jones, 2001).Wilson and Herrnsteins approach to finding the key grounds underlying criminal behaviour is ground on un-precise lexicon which makes it hard to subject their theory to empirical research (Gibbs, 1985). Right Realism fails to acknowledge nearly all socio-economic influences on the way individuals choke and the high levels of inequality found in industrial societies (Jones, 2001). Concern of class, gender, power, and race are all neglected (Currie 1991). Wilsons contentious attempt to rejuvenate Lombrosian views on the criminal man is not justified with any new evidence while Lombrosian views on the criminal man were originally built on non-credible evidence besides (Jones, 2001). Its extraordinary that Wilson overlooked the vast body of evidence that existed linking social factors to crime itself (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein were also eclectic in the research they picked to cite in advocating their propositions (Kamin, 1985) .There is no clear researched evidence of a relationship between delinquency and urban decline (Matthews and Young, 1992). This significantly weakens the soundity of Wilson and Kellings Broken Windows study of New York (Jones, 2001). Instead, ignored factors such(prenominal) as underinvestment and scummy facilities are more relevant to the deterioration of a neighbourhood (Matthews and Young, 1992). While the dramatic fall of crime rates in New York City did coincide with the implementation of zero tolerance policing, legion(predicate) have questioned whether they are linked as crime also fell significantly in 17 of the 25 largest cities in the US (Dixon 1999). These crime rate reductions tended to occur in cities using different policing methods to New York, which included Los Angeles, San Diego, Washington DC and dinero (Bratton, 1997). In particular, the crime reduction trends between New York and Chicago are very similar, yet the methods used so very different. Since 1993 Ch icago had been implementing a Left Realist community policing strategy that focused on improving public relations with the police (Bratton, 1997).Wilson and Kellings reliance on informal control mechanisms is an issue, such as their stamp that the police should be approved to go beyond the authoritarian limits of the criminal law to preserve order on the streets (Jones, 2001). This method makes the assessment of police capacity rather arduous, as it would increase the scope for discriminatory police behaviour and would make police accountability problematic to say the least (Jones, 2001). These changes allow great scope for police brutality, which decreases public cooperation with the police in crime ridden areas. This is seen in Philadelphia, where police complain that the biggest obstacle between them and bringing justice is the lack of cooperation they go from the public (Bratton, 1997). Heavy-handed policing can cause entire communities to feel under attack as the distinctio n between offenders and non-offenders becomes obscured (Lea and Young, 1984). The poor relationship between police and the community was the major issue in the Brixton riots in 1981 (Jones, 2001).Wilson believed that US courts had become far too lenient in their punishments of crime, therefore he stated that adopt offenders should be sentenced to lengthy stretches of time in prison (Jones, 2001). This has in fact been implemented in the US as the Three strikes and theyre out baseball illustration (Jones, 2001). This hard-line strategy has failed as it has left the US with a greater rate of imprisonment than any other MEDC along with a high rate of crime (Currie, 1991). As the rate of imprisonment increased end-to-end the 1980s, so did the crime rate (Jones, 2001).Left RealismPositive perspective on Left RealismLeft Realisms key strength is its recognition of multiple causes of crime. Its focus on victims as well as offenders adds another dimension to the sociological sympathy of crime. Left Realists believe a major cause of crime to be the feeling of relative deprivation (Jones, 2001). While this feeling occurs most in the poor working classes, it cannot be acclaimed to be the outcome of poverty. For example there was more poverty in the 1930s Great Depression yet a set down crime rate (Jones, 2001). Unlike Right Realism, the relative deprivation approach has the advantages of finding the causes of crime within social structures and provides an account that does not connect crime entirely to unemployment or poverty (Jones, 2001). An example of relative deprivation and subcultural theory combined can be is seen in Afro-Caribbeans in the UK (Jones, 2001).Left Realism places cogent emphasis on the fear of crime as a cripple on society (Jones, 2001). They are correct to flag this up as a problem as there is definite evidence that fear of crime exists, especially in Britain. The International Crime Victimisation Survey in 2000 shows that citizens of England an d Wales top the list of 17 industrialised countries for the number of security devices installed, with Londons CCTV system being the largest in the world (Jones 2001).Lea and Young state that justice should consistently take priority over crime control and that there should be an emphasis on improving public cooperation with police (Jones, 2001). This is a valid statement as police animosity with the public can be disadvantageous to social control (Jones, 2001). Cooperation as many will concur helps the police significantly in keeping order in the streets, make it correct for Left Realists to want focus on bringing people to justice, as in time this has the potential to build trust and cooperation between the public and the police.The 2011 UK riots are an example of Left Realism theories on causes of crime coming to fruition. Marginalisation, alienation, relative deprivation and subcultural theory can all be attributed to the cause of these riots. Interviews with participants of t he riots revealed this and they blamed the way police engaged with communities as their main justification of the disorder (James, 2011). Left Realism can use this as evidence in favour of community-friendly policing.Negative perspective on Left RealismFor Left Realism, analysis of working class crime has everlastingly taken priority over white-collar crime (Jones, 2001). This allows those with the most power in society to influence the images conveyed of what are the most harmful crime problems (Jones, 2001). Left Realism fails to recognise how white-collar and corporate crime is damaging to society as their proposed policing methods do not deal with the issue (Pearce and Tombs, 1992). Furthermore their theories are based on small-scale victim surveys carried out in inner city areas (Mugford and OMalley, 1991). Hence their theories are only applicable to inner-city areas and not representative of the entire nation (Mugford and OMalley, 1991).It is misguiding that Left Realism plac es so much emphasis on the reason of the fear of crime (Sparks, 1992). It is incongruous to speculate fear in terms of rationality (Sparks 1992). The aptitude of survey respondents to make a factual estimation of risk is controlled by their fear of crime, which itself is exhibitive of a number of factors linked to their personality (Jones, 2001). Not many individuals are capable of making a valid assessment of the risk of crime in their community as information they obtain will much be exaggerated stories in the local news (Sparks, 1992). Feminists also claim fear of crime rationality is idle to women as local victim surveys that are founded on measuring incidents are unable to access the continuous underlying threat to security that exists in many womens lives (Walklate, 2001).Left Realisms argument for minimalist policing is criticised by Wilson who saw curbs on police power (Britain in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) as a hindrance to keeping order in communities eff ectively (Jones, 2001). Left Realism seeks greater legal control of police powers, a limit on discretion and more public involvement in establishing policing priorities (Jones, 2001). Discretion limitation is extremely difficult as the majority of police interaction on the streets cannot be reached by the legal controls (Jones, 2001). Furthermore, radical converts to Left Realism may still hold a bias motive against the police after the 1980s confrontations between left-wing local councils and chief constables over the governments methods on policing (Jones, 2001).ConclusionLeft Realism is the perspective I agree with most out of the two due to its key strength in recognising multiple causes of crime through its theories, its desire for more public and police cooperation and its focus on victims and what goes on behind the scenes. In contrast Right Realism cares only for a visible reaction against criminals on the streets, with tougher policing tactics and harsher prison sentences. Right Realisms negatives far outweigh its positives, with it lacking in both empathy and evidence to support its moral absolutism, making it a weaker perspective than Left Realism in comparison. While Right Realism provides more immediately effective tactics on street crime, it fails to puzzle out the underlying causes of crime that Left Realism attempts to address. However, both Left and Right Realism have a significant issue that threatens their title as valid perspectives on crime in that they do not recognise white-collar crime as a problem. While positive points were made for both perspectives, throughout the essay it became increasingly apparent that both Left and Right realism have too many problems with their outlook and proposed methods that need to be addressed.

Representation of Political Scandals in the Media

Representation of Political Scandals in the MediaPolitical Scandals Interim SubmissionThe question that I have chosen to answer for my pose is How fair and balanced has the c everyplaceage of political turds been in the British media? By selecting this question I can explore the different political affiliations in the British press during times of scandal and how each news media reported on it depending on their relationship with the political companionship at the centre of the controversy.Firstly, to begin my see I leave behind provide some background information on how the press functions in UK politics for which I have conducted some research on for the interim submission using the chapter titled Judging the Media Impartiality and Broadcasting in the book governing and the Media Harlots and Prerogatives at the Turn of the Millennium (chapter written by Eric B atomic number 18ndt and edited by Jean Seaton). I have found that it is common knowledge that UK newspapers are, of flux, free to maintain whichever party its editor or proprietor, chooses, and to take sides on political issues. With this power they are not expected to be impartial or balanced in their coverage of contentious political matters such as General Elections and political scandals. For example, The Sun itself claimed credit for the surprise victory of the Conservatives in the General Election of 1992 with the notorious front-page headline Its The Sun Wot Won It on Saturday 11 April 1992, according to John Curtice in his research piece Was it the Sun wot won it again? The influence of newspapers in the 1997 election campaign (http//www.crest.ox.ac.uk/papers/p75.pdf). Because of this ahead of the 1997 election, Tony Blair in opposition assiduously courted Rupert Murdoch and the editors of his newspapers. It is unlikely that the Labour majority in 1997 would have been so plumping, had the Sun not decided to support it six weeks before polling day. These freedoms are substantive aspect s of the traditional British understanding of press freedom, also establishmentally guaranteed in many other nations including the USA by the First Amendment (http//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment).To show that I know what I am writing about and avoid misinterpretations by settling on a single understanding of chance upon terms I will define terms such as fair, balanced media, power normal, success, failure, disaster and of course scandal. Defining terms ensures that I am talking about the same things as the reader. For example, I could define fruit salad as containing, pineapples, yellow apples and bananas. By doing this, the reader will not object when I later write that fruit salad has vital red deficiencies. By defining power, I would demonstrate that I am aware of other interpretations of the term. It will actually often not be essential to state what the other explanations are, except if the distinction is an essential aspect of the argument.I will be struct uring my essay chronologically covering seven scandals over a ninety-one year period in Politics from the Marconi scandal in the summer of 1912 to the Iraq struggle and the apparent suicide of Dr. David Kelly in July 2003. Furthermore, one of the scandals I will be researching will be an overseas scandal the Lewinsky scandal, which involved former US president Bill Clinton. I will use the scandal for comparison with the John Profumo sex scandal.In addition, I am going to use a wide range of sources for the essay including books, newspaper articles, journals, academic research and blogs. All these historical scandals have their own historiography. I will look at the way that they have been written in the press over time (during the scandals and during the present day), the occasional conflicting objectives pursued by journalists and academics on them over time, and the way in which such details form peoples understanding of the scandals.These different sources are important because they will help meTo gather information so that I can develop and enhance on my own political knowledge and understanding of particular scandals and how they were reported in the British media.To identify, build and support arguments or research in the essay which will help demonstrate the understandings that I have acquired.I have listed the scandals that I will be covering, the orbit of research that I have conducted for them, the different sources that I have referred to for my research and a provisional list of sources that I plan to use in the terminal essay below. Moreover, I have included a rough word count for each scandal.THE MARCONI SCANDAL 1912Centered around allegations that members of the Liberal Government, under Herbert Asquiths premiership, had profited by inappropriate use of information about the Governments plans with respect to theMarconi Company knowing that the government was about to issue a lucrative contract to the British Marconi company for theImperial W ireless Chain, they had bought shares in an American subsidiary.The allegations included the fact that Isaacs brother,Godfrey Isaacs, was managing director of the Marconi company.Although the political repercussions were in fact minor, theNew Witnessdrew conclusions about fraud in British politics.SUEZ CRISIS 1956Anthony heaven becomes Prime Minister in 1955 high sense of optimism. Hailsham a real post-war government, led by a PM who represented contemporary manhood, rather than the pre-First cosmos War generation. Optimism about progressive ideas in domestic affairs, his belief in property owning democracy and industrial partnership. However, all Edens career had been orthogonal affairs and not domestic politics.Ironically his downfall was foreign affairs Suez Crisis. Ends in disaster, military operation called off in humiliating circumstances as Britain withdraws payable to American pressure due to economic reasons.OutcomesPolitical crisis Eden seemed weak, lost in a policy he was supposed to be the get over of. Came under heavy attack from Labour in parliament and sections of national press e.g. Manchester Guardian. By lying to Parliament about collusion with France and Israel, Eden had tarnished his moving-picture show and prestige.Chancellor Harold Macmillan leading the campaign with Edens console table for Britain to abort Suez.Demise of Eden never recovered from Suez (though resigns due to poor health in 1957). Replaced by Macmillan.PROFUMO AFFAIR 1963Scandal which was a personal disaster for Harold Macmillan. Given sensational treatment by the press. Political impact of the affair was actually light lived but the image of Macmillan as old and out of touch was reinforced.SignificanceIdeal excuse for press to go after every detail nip became less deferential, more intrusive previous tactics used by government to prevent publication of sensitive or embarrassing information no longer worked.Booker after years of uneasy indulgence, the people were restless and dissatisfiedwild rumours of strange and wild happenings in the country villas, of orgies and philandering..brought the capital into a frenzy of surmisal and contempt aroused by the Government in the hearts of the great bargain of the peopleLEWINSKY SCANDAL 1998 (USA) COMPARISON1995Monica Lewinsky hired as a White kin intern.Series of 10 sexual encounters.Kenneth Starr investigates.Michael Isikoff, Newsweek reporter, investigates, but magazine delays publishing.First public report of the scandal seen on Drudge Report.Clinton denies allegations.Extremely detailed Starr Report released.Lewinsky allegations push aside in Paula Jones case, but coverage is still pervasive.Rumors circulate on the internet.24/7 cable news networks.Decline of gatekeeping sensationalist journalism.Salience and dumbed-down news.Pressure on news outlets to report on rumors.Publics right to know?Drawing the line between news and drama/entertainment.JOHN MAJOR AND bargain rate 1990sGrowing internal divisions in the Conservative Party after 1992Major an unlucky PM?Exhausting battles began to drown out the positive achievements in a sea of party infighting and political setbacks.Between Black Wednesday and the 1997 election, Major suffered a slow political death.Majors tribulations can be summed up asEasy target for satirists and cartoonists Private Eye, Rory Bremner, Spitting Images grey man. None of this Satire vicious and Major remained personally more popular than his party, but the image of Major as a well-meaning but bumbling and inadequate leader stuck to him.Blatant actions by anti-Europe elements in own party 1993 Maastricht Treaty was initially blocked by rebel MPs. Major won the vote in the end but authority was damaged. Do we requirement 3 more of the bastards accidentally recorded press, e.g. Daily Mail, speculating as to whom Major was referring to speculation as to whether a leadership challenge would occur. It did not but the menace was damaging eno ugh. Major tried to reshuffle his cabinet in 1994 with little impact.Press speculation continued about possible challengers for leadership from disaffected cabinet members 1995 Major called for leadership election so that he could be re-elected to do his own job (Back me or sack me).Sleaze press coverage divulge here sensationalist and intrusive and a contrast with Majors Back to Basics campaign 1993 (call for return to traditional moral values). Examples include Yeo and Mellor (sex scandal, resigned), Scott enquiry 1994 (illegal selling of arms investigation, Torys economical with truth), Archer and Aitken (perjury).Major became easy target, respect declined gave press fuel. Sleaze similar impact as Profumo matter on Macmillan 1962. Seen as out of touch, untrustworthy, too preoccupied with own traumas than those of Britain in comparison to a reinvigorated Labour. Further press and opposition hostility due to ammunition easy target. Sleaze ran all way to 1997 election factor in Labours 1997 victory?POLITICAL IMPACT OF IRAQ/ DEATH OF DR. DAVID KELLY 2003Iraq War and Blair-Bush relationship is argued to be the defining issue of Blairs second term.Blair had to fight two wars over Iraq one against Saddam Hussein one to win over political and public opinion at homeMedia initially supportive. Continually supportive of our lads but not of the governments/countries who led Britain into Iraq.Method Intelligence dossier on weapons of mass destruction idea Hussein had biological and nuclear weapons.Failed to convince those who though WMD had been exaggerated/overrated.Questions over why Alastair Campbell played such a large role in drafting dossier sexed up dossier (Gilligan, 2003) to exaggerate the threat from Saddam and that it was intended for political purposes.Accusations dossier was about political presentation rather than tricky evidence.Impact of WMD No WMD were found.Death of Dr. David Kelly (weapons expert at MoD) further damaged the governments re mystifyation as the case dominated the national news, rocked the government, and put the doubt into the British publics mind about whether this dossier had indeed been exaggerated.The role of critical and sensationalist press had a profound effect entitle Huttons Enquiry absolved the government from blame and criticised the BBC but the damage was done.

SUPERSTITIOUS :: essays research papers

SUPERSTITIOUSHuman beings are superstitious especially among Chinese. If anyone who claims that he or she is not superstitious is either a liar or a fool. A lot of us believe in certain things that do not have logical explanations. This is especially true in this multi-racial country of ours. Each community has its own beliefs. It would be impossible to discuss all of the beliefs of Chinese and then I will just touch on some of them.I still remember a few years ago, some of my friends and I went to a holiday in Bukit Bendera. One of friend decided to take some snapshots. So we all were dressed up and ready to be shot. We had our private photographs taken first, and then we decided to have company photographs. But one of my friends gave us a warning that did not made up any classify of three. He said that misfortune will befall one of the three if they have their photographs taken together After listened that everyone avoided being in a group of three. Although I STUDY SKILLS IN ENGLISH SSE 131 never heard of such a thing before but after hearing it, I did not want to take the risk. Actually it spoiled the fun a bit. I felt it was difficult to believe, even photographs can be superstitious. Honestly speaking, I do not know how much truth t present is in this illogical belief but I do not dare to raise it. After reading this, will you still dare to have your photograph to be taken with ii other people? The number three is in like manner taboo among cigarette smokers. On occasions I have seen a group of people lighting up their cigarettes only to a maximum of two persons per lighted match. Actually the light is slowly extinguished after two persons and then person number three will substance abuse a new(a) match. This I have to define as the belief that maybe some tragedy will strike the third person who receives a lighted match. Well, here is another belief not to be challenged.When you are having a baby, there are some beliefs especially for the Chines e pregnant ladies such as Dont use glue when you are pregnant because it will cause a difficult birth. Another thing is if you strike an animal during pregnancy, the newborn child will odour like that animal and behave like one.

The Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet Letter :: Essays Papers

The Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet Letter passim The Scarlet Letter, the author Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many literal and figurative occurrences to illustrate the signifi send awayce of various characters or themes. Coupled with the tangible evidence given, the reader substructure settle many miscellaneous assumptions of the importance of these items to directly and indirectly contribute to the issues of the novel. One cryptic item that symbolizes more than it depends to is the appearance of one of the main characters, Hester Prynne. Hester Prynnes appearance and hairs-breadth signify the levels of will and determination she possesses at the moment.The first example of this implication occurs at the lineage of the novel, during and before the first scaffold scene. Hesters hair is let down, light and so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam. This hair compliments an elegant, good-looking charr standing tall and proud. During this time, Hest ers emotions, at full integrity, mirroring her appearance. When Hester is being questioned upon the scaffold, her honor shines through when she refuses to name the partner of her sin. In the next example, Hesters pride and stature both seem to dwindle in accordance to her appearance.Within the next sevensome years, Hester has gone through a change both physically and emotionally. The book describes the violent letter to have absorbed all the rebellious and fiery qualities of Hester, going away a cold and lonely woman, her tenderness crushed so deeply into her heart that it can never show itself more. At the same time, Hester started hiding her beautiful rich hair in a cap, therefore practically eliminating her beauty and femininity. As Hester becomes less(prenominal) passionate internally, she becomes less passionate externally as well.The make it example takes place during Hesters talk with Arthur Dimmesdale in the forest. During their emotional conversation, Hester regains her previous composure, and tries to prove to Arthur that the past can be erased. With the literal simple gestures of pulling off her scarlet letter and taking off her cap, she figuratively obliterated all that had happened before she was forced to strike the scarlet letter. Her womanliness and pride came rushing back as her hair fell back to her shoulders, becoming as she was before the scarlet letter took over her life.The Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet Letter Essays papersThe Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet LetterThroughout The Scarlet Letter, the author Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many literal and figurative items to illustrate the significance of various characters or themes. Coupled with the tangible evidence given, the reader can make many miscellaneous assumptions of the importance of these items to directly and indirectly contribute to the issues of the novel. One cryptic item that symbolizes more than it seems to is the appearan ce of one of the main characters, Hester Prynne. Hester Prynnes appearance and hair signify the levels of will and determination she possesses at the moment.The first example of this implication occurs at the beginning of the novel, during and before the first scaffold scene. Hesters hair is let down, shining and so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam. This hair compliments an elegant, beautiful woman standing tall and proud. During this time, Hesters emotions, at full integrity, mirroring her appearance. When Hester is being questioned upon the scaffold, her virtue shines through when she refuses to name the partner of her sin. In the next example, Hesters pride and stature both seem to dwindle in accordance to her appearance.Within the next seven years, Hester has gone through a change both physically and emotionally. The book describes the scarlet letter to have absorbed all the rebellious and fiery qualities of Hester, leaving a cold and lonely woman, her tenderne ss crushed so deeply into her heart that it can never show itself more. At the same time, Hester started hiding her beautiful rich hair in a cap, therefore practically eliminating her beauty and femininity. As Hester becomes less passionate internally, she becomes less passionate externally as well.The last example takes place during Hesters talk with Arthur Dimmesdale in the forest. During their emotional conversation, Hester regains her previous composure, and tries to prove to Arthur that the past can be erased. With the literal simple gestures of pulling off her scarlet letter and taking off her cap, she figuratively obliterated all that had happened before she was forced to wear the scarlet letter. Her womanliness and pride came rushing back as her hair fell back to her shoulders, becoming as she was before the scarlet letter took over her life.

Tectonic Plates and its Effects on the Physical Face of the Earth Essay

Tectonic Plates and its Effects on the Physical Face of the Earth For millions of years, archiarchitectonic plates ease up been determinate of changes in the physical face of the man, and they continue to do so today. These massive plates move underneath the surfaces of the oceans and the continents, producing earthquakes, vol basinoes and uplifts. This paper will discuss the composition, proceeding and history of tectonic plates, the theory of plate tectonics and its history, and tectonic plates affect the surface of the earth today and will continue to do so in the future.The earth is divided into three main stratums the core, the mantle and the crust. The core is further divided into the solid inner core and the liquid outer core. This layer is more often than not iron and nickel and is extremely hot. The mantle is divided into the lower and upper mantle and is composed mostly of iron, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. The outermost layer, which contains all life on earth, is t he crust. This layer is rich in oxygen and silicon as well as aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium. It is in between the crust and the mantle that we find tectonic plates. The outermost layers of the earth be divided into two categories based on their physical properties. The asthenosphere is the lower of these categories, composed of clastic or flowing mantle. The upper layer is known as the lithosphere and contains both the top, rigid layer of the mantle and the crust. The lithosphere is what makes up the tectonic plates. The composition of these plates is based on their location. Plates under the surface of the ocean are made of mostly of basalt, while continental plates are comprised of rocks such as andesite and granite.It is generally believed that there are 12 plates that make up the earths surface. The majority of these plates are a combination of oceanic and continental lithosphere, while the Nazca, Pacific and Juan de Fuca Plates are made up of mostly oceanic lithosphere. Most of the continents have their own plate or plates, with the exception of Europe and Asia, which share the massive Eurasian Plate. Along the edges of these plates there is a large occurrence of geologic activity. Earthquakes and volcanoes, certainty of unrest in the Earth, help locate the edges of plates. This unrest is caused by movement of the plates, which can be broken down into three general t... ... of fire in the Pacific Ocean. This is the boundary between the Pacific plate and several other plates. Also, the San Andreas Fault, in California, which is situated on the boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates, sees a large amount of earthquake activity. Another dangerous effect of plate movement which is common in the Asian Pacific is the Tsunami, a enormous ocean wave created by earthquakes and plate movements deep under the oceans surface. While these events can all be seen as natural disasters, the benefits tectonic plates have to of fer the human race are plentiful. Volcanoes produce some of the most fertile soil on earth, while magma that does not erupt from a volcano often forms huge ore deposits beneath the surface. A relatively young science is that of geothermal energy, or the harnessing of heat or pressure from volcanoes, geysers and steam which can be converted into heat and electricity for human use. While it is important to acknowledge the immediate and disastrous ramifications of plate tectonics, such as volcanoes and earthquakes, it is equally as imperative that humans recognize the huge potential for advancement provided by this natural occurrence.

Technology and the Rainforest :: essays research papers

With anythe technological advancements, the pelting forest hasbeen greatly effected. Not only flip the treesbeen cut down but withal there have positiveaspects to the technology concerning this preciousresource. Peter White, a chief writer for NationalGeographic magazine once said, " The tropicalpelting forest whitethorn well be natures chief liberty ofexperience from which all of humanity can learn,not only how to do things but also what a vastvariety of things may be possible"(24). We all canlearn from this for, the rain forest is a key to ourenvironment and with all the technology destroyingit and barely replacing it we all should think aboutwhat is happening and what can be done to saveit. With the great progression of technology finished this century the rain forest has rapidlybeen destroyed. Being the home of nearly 50% ofall species, the rain forest is a resource that shouldand must be saved. It is once thought that thetropical rain forest once spanned the great sp aceof 1.5 billion hectares. But as the time goes onslowly that phone number diminishes. In the year 2000 itis theorized that there will only be 900 hectares lefton this world (Palmer/4). Even though there is notany rain forest in the United states, the rain forestgreatly effects us in ways not known to all. Manymedicines are demonstrate in the rain forest and many ofthem treat common diseases. Malaria for exampleis a disease that has its treatment coming fromquinine, taken form the chinchona tree in Peru. Alsowhen you have surgery, d-tarbocuranine is greatlyrelied on as a muscle relaxer. It is made formcurare, derived from an Amazonian liana(Palmer/23). This research shows that the medicinal aspect of the rain forest is definitelyneeded for the advancement of technology itself.Much of the new technology being made in thetimes that we are living in now, relies on the rainforest. The packaging in which all the new stereosand CD players are shipped, come from the trees.These trees ar e cut down into small pieces tomake composition board for the selfish needs of humanity(White 28). A massive amount of women havebeen on birth control and one of the majorcomponents of the pill is diosgenin. This is madefrom roughshod yams found in Mexico (Palmer 23). Thisdraws the conclusion that the technology that wehave now might not be as advanced with out therain forest. But at the same time the technologythat we are developing are having the adverseeffect on the source of the advancement. Rainforest depletion is a real trouble in the world

What is love? Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

The word Love may mean many things to different people. For some it raise be dangerous and complex, whereas for others it can be simple, yet fulfilling. Many have also attempted to prove the meaning of have it off, some successful, others not. In the poems A valedictory oration Forbidding trouble by John Donne and Sonnet 147 by William Shakespeare, two authors view love from opposite spectrums. They both attempt to argue what the meaning of love really is. They do this, by victimisation imagery and symbols, and by writing in extended metaphors. In both A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and Sonnet 147, Donne and Shakespeares use of imagery and symbolism are well used to describe the meaning of love according to them. Death is a continual image in both poems. In Sonnet 147, Shakespeare compares the love he has for a woman to a disease. Oftentimes disease is associated with death. He uses this imagery, first when he states Desire is death (8) meaning the desire or love he has fo r this woman, is indeed deadly a disease which is figuratively leading to his death. Shortly by and by this, Shakespeare refers to this woman as Black as hell, as dark as night (14) although this may not seem like death right away, cardinal must remember that the colour black and night often signify the idea of death. The line before this states I have sworn thee fair, and thought thee aglitter(predicate) (13) Therefore the idea he had of this woman, used to be bright and loving, however he now finds her in a way, evil and associates the metaphorical death of his marrow squash to her. Despite using death imagery, Shakespeare also uses medical imagery in the poem. Ultimately disease is associated with medicine. There are a slew of words in the poem which symbolize medical imagery the words Shak... ...(31-34) In this metaphor, his wife is the fixd foot which in the centre sit, as she eternally remains in the same spot, waiting for her husband, the other foot, to return home. Don ne writes this, not so much as a love poem, but more as a plea for his wife not to worry about his absence, that their love will only grow stronger, and for her not to be scared that he use return as (the compass) makes me end where I begun. (38) Despite not being classified a metaphysical poet, Shakespeare like Donne, was very famous for his wordplay and metaphors. Although both authors take different stands on the meaning of love, Donne a positive one and Shakespeare a more negative view both authors attempt to prove this using imagery and symbols and extended metaphors. The use of metaphors in both Donne and Shakespeares poems are intricately intertwined with genius wordplay.